英文合同中常见的易混淆的用语表达(上) 1、关于履行合同的表达 合同中经常出现的to perform a contract,to fulfill a contract,to execute a contract,to implement a contract,这些短语都可以表示履行合同,从字面上看都对。然而在具体的合同条款中,英文合同中常见的易混淆的用语表达(上)
1、关于“履行合同”的表达
合同中经常出现的to perform a contract, to fulfill a contract, to execute a contract, to implement a contract,这些短语都可以表示“履行合同”,从字面上看都对。然而在具体的合同条款中,表示履行不同的合同义务时,其用法是有区别的。如果强调合同的一方履行合同与所规定的该方的那部分具体义务相同,应该是fulfill a contract.如果是泛指双方在合同中的各项责任和义务都应得到履行,则选用perform a contract较合适。
「例」 关于79HP一106号合同项下尚未执行的180公吨NY2一11低密度聚乙烯,我们仍然认为贵方应尽快开证以保证履行合同。我们提请贵方注意,the Adviser Inc.和贵方同时向我方购买NY2—11低密度聚乙烯,他们已经在我方主动调价后不久履行了原合同,而且又和我们签订了较大数量的新合同。
With respect to the outstanding 180 M/r of low-density polyethylene NY2—11 under Contract No.79HP一106,we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract. We hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc. , Who purchased LDPE NY2—11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quantity.
该句子出现的“履行”分别使用了perform和fulfill.。 perform的法律含义是:to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract; fulfill的法律含义是:to do everything which is promised in a contract.。再研究一下合同各方应履行的合同义务:涉外合同一经生效,双方当事人必须全面地、适当地履行合同中的义务,但是具体对某一方合同当事人来讲,就是履行合同中最属于他应该履行的那部分责任和义务。比如,在国际货物销售合同中,对买方来说,“履行合同”的概念就是payment,当然与payment有关的义务还有采用何种方式和支付工具付款等。如果该合同的价格条件是FOB的话,买方还要负责租船订舱,支付运费,并将船期、船号及时通知卖方等。又如:The Contractor shall fulfill all of its duties and obligations in carrying out its work and services hereunder(承租人必须忠实信守和履行下列各项规则)。
2、关于“遵守”的表达
「例」合资经营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律。
这一条款中“遵守”一词,英语中有observe, obey, abide by, comply with等,在选择表示“遵守”的词汇时,应根据句子搭配关系进行选择。本句子中的主语是activity,汉语翻译时应选择comply with,表示to act in accordance with a provision, rule, demand,故全句译成:
All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provision of laws,decrees and pertinent regulations of the People's Republic of China.
在使用observe和abide by时,其主语应该是合同的当事人,例如:The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work(承包方必须遵守和服从与该项工程有关的一切适用的法律、规章和条例)。
3、关于“解除合同、终止合同、中止合同”的表达”
「例」 由于发生地震、台风、水灾、火灾、战争及其他无法预见并且对其发生和后果均不能防止或避免的不可抗力事件,致使直接影响合同的履行或者不能按约定的条件履行时,遇有上述不可抗力事件的一方,应立即将事件情况书面通知对方,并在其后15天内,提供事件详情及全部或部分合同不能或需要延期履行的理由的有效证明文件,此项证明文件应由事件发生地区的公证机构出具。按照事件对履行合同影响的程度,由双方协商决定是否解除合同,或者部分免除履行合同的责任,或者延期履行合同。
原译文:
Should either of the parties of the Contract be prevented from executing the Contract by Force Majeure, such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, fire and war and other unforeseen events, and their happenings and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable, the presented party shall notify the other party by a written notice without any delay, and within 15 days thereafter provide the detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary organization for explaining the reason of its inability to execute or delay the execution of all or part of the Contract. Both parties shal1,through consultations,decide whether to terminate the Contract or to exempt the part of obligations for implementation of the Contract or whether to delay the execution of the Contract according to the effects of the events on the performance of the Contract.
该句子的英译文在表达原文内容上是没什么问题的,但是将句中的“解除合同”译成to terminate the contract有些不妥。因为,从法律意义上讲,to terminate the contract是指“终止合同”,而“终止合同”的法律行为,必须在出现了终止合同的法律事件后才能实行。按照《中华人民共和国合同法》的规定,“终止合同”的法定情形有七种(见《中华人民共和国合同法》第91条)。该条款主要说明的是,由于“不可抗力事件‘(Force Majeure Events)致使合同无法履行,这种事由不属于终止合同的条件,而属解除合同的条件。因此,”解除合同“应选用to rescind the Contract,这样符合法定解除合同的情形。另外,译文either of the parties of the Contract中的第二个介词of应换成to,译成:the parties to the Contract,因为to表示一种归属关系,即:”履行合同的双方当事人“。
(2)当事人一方有另一方不能履行合同的确切证据时,可以中止履行合同,但是应当通知另一方;当另一方对履行合同提供了充分的保证时,应当履行合同。
原译文: The Party shall terminate its performance of the contract if it has conclusive evidence that the other party is unable to perform the contract. However, It shall immediately inform the other party of such termination.
该句中的译者将“中止”误理解为“终止”,译成了to terminate its performance of the Contract,这是个原则性的错误。“中止”和“终止”在法律上均有“停止”的意思,但前者表示,因故暂停正在履行的合同,待造成中止的原因消除后,再恢复合同的履行,其英译应该是:to suspend its performance of the Contract;后者表示完全结束正在履行的合同,其英译文是 to terminate the Contract.
4、关于合同各方“责任”的表达
「例」 (1)合资各方的责任:
甲方责任: 1.办理为设立合资公司向中国有关主管部门申请批准,登记注册,领取营业执照等事宜;
乙方责任: 1.办理合资企业委托在中国境外选购机械设备等有关的事宜:
(1) Responsibilities of Each Party to the Joint Venture
Responsibility Of Party A: 1.Handling of approval. registration business license and other matters concerning the establishment of the Joint Venture Company from the relevant departments in charge in China.
Responsibility Of Party B: 1. Handling the matters entrusted by the Joint Venture Company, such as selecting and purchasing machinery and equipment outside China, etc.
英译该条款时,应首先确定和选择“责任”一词的英语表述。合同英语中经常出现的两个表示“责任”的单词,一个为liability,另一个为responsibility.这是两个极易混淆的词汇,
在表达当事人的责任时是共同的,但涉及到具体的权利义务时,两词是有严格区别的。
liability在表示责任时,主要强调两个方面:一方面指“赔偿责任”(being legally responsible for paying or damage or loss),如:The underwriters refused to take any liability for the losses(承包人对损失拒绝承担责任);另一方面指“债务责任‘(一般用复数形式liabilities),如:The Seller shall refund to the Buyer such amounts after paying all tax liabilities(在付清一切税款后,卖方须向买方偿还这些款项)。因此,”有限责任公司“常被译成limited liability company,表示a company where a member is responsible for repaying the company’s debts only up to the face value of the shares he owns.
responsibility在表示“责任”时,着重强调“职责、义务”(commitment or duty for which a party is responsible),如:The licensee shall assume full responsibility for the payment of all royalties(对于一切专利权使用费的支付事宜,许可证受让方应承担完全责任)。
由上面的分析和比较可见,以上句子中的“责任”显然是合同各方应履行的职责和义务。因此,应译为responsibility.
(2)任何一方当事人违反合同的赔偿责任,应相当于另一方因此所受到的损失,但不得超过违反合同的一方订立合同时应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。
The liability of a party to pay compensation for the breach of a contract shall be equal to the loss suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach. However,such compensation may not exceed the loss, which the party responsible for the breach ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract as a possible consequence of a breach of contract.
该句中的“责任”明显是一种being legally responsible for paying loss,所以选择liability是合适的。
5、关于“reference”的用法
(1)Thank you for you r letter reference DT/Zi No.102.of 29th,March.
感谢你方3月29日编号为DT/Zi,No.102的来信。
reference在此例中指“编号” (number which makes it possible to find a document which has been filed)。
(2)We have had only one order from ABC Co. , Ltd. , so we regret we cannot give you a reference from long experience.
我们仅接受ABC有限公司的一笔定货,很遗憾我们不能提供具有长期交往经历的资信情况。
reference在此例中指“资信情况” (statement about a company's abilities)。
(3)Reference is made to your Sales Confirmation No.1529.
现谈到你方的第1529号销售确认书。
reference在此例中指“谈到” (mentioning or dealing with)。
(4)The Buyers ask for credit and have given the Bank of China ,Beijing as a reference.
买方要求记账交易,并提出中国银行北京分行作为资信备询人。
reference在此例中指“咨信备询人”(person who reports on someone's character or abilities)。
(5)The Sales Company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the commission.
关于佣金的分配问题,应授予销售公司同样的权利。
with reference to在此例中意思为“关于”(about or concerning sb or sth)。
(6) A reference to your records will show that we have more than once asked you to establish L/C against S/C No.2523.
阅你方记录可以看出,我方已多次催促,要求你方对第2523号销售确认书开立信用证。
reference在此例中指“查阅”。
以上只是含有reference一词的部分词义。可见,如果把reference一概译为“参考”不仅词不达义,而且还会影响条款的效力。一词多义的选择和确定通常从以下几方面着手:
6、关于“cover”的用法
cover一词,作为动词讲一般都理解为“包括”,例如:The prices quoted in the brochure cover packing and are subject to 35%trade discount,可译为:“小册子所报的价格包括包装费在内,可有35%的商业折扣。”但以下的含有cover的句子,就不能将cover译成“包括”:
(1) No doubt there must have been some reason for the delay in shipment. To cover this contingency we cabled you on Mar.29 that we were extending the letter of credit for two weeks.
句中的cover应理解为“应付”,全句可译成:
无疑,一定有某种致使装船延误的原因。为应付这一意外事件,我方已于3月29日电告你方,将信用证延期两周。
(2)If Party A insists on its original quotation. Party B will have to cover its requirements elsewhere
句中的cover指“购进货物”,全句可译成:
如果甲方坚持原报价,则乙方只能从其他方面购进其需要的货物。
(3)In order to cover our order, we have arranged with the Bank of China, Dalian Branch, a credit for USD 55,000.
句中的cover在这里表示“偿付”,全句可译成:
为支付我方订货,我方已联系中国银行大连分行开立55,000美元的信用证。
(4)Party B shall cover the goods with particular average.
句中的cover在这里的含义为:to insure sth against loss,全句可译成:
乙方将对该货物投保水渍险。
7、关于“提供”(supply , provide )的用法
「例」合同在有效期内,双方对合同产品涉及的技术如有改进和发展,应相互免费将改进和发展的技术资料提供给对方使用。
Within the validity term of the Contract, both parties shall supply each other with the improvement and development of the technology related to the Contract Products free of charge.
该句的谓语动词“提供”一词用了supply,就不如provide确切。尽管这两个词都表示“供给”,但在牵涉到金钱时,provide则表示to give sb sth free of charge, supply则不太明确,一般来说需要给钱。因此,该条款虽然明确了free of charge,但用provide更恰当。
8、关于“属于”(belong to , prssess, own)的用法
「例」改进和开发的技术,其所有权属于改进和开发一方。
这一条的重点主要规定改进后的技术专有权归属问题,所以该句中正确地选择“属于”一词是很关键的。有人选择belong to,也有人选择possess,还有人用own,这三个词均可以表示“属于”。我们分析一下这三个词的内涵,belong t0的含义是指“属于……财产”;possess和own虽然都着重于“所属关系”,但possess只指目前属于某人,并没有讲是如何得到的;而own含有“对……合法占有”,与原文意思一致,故把这一条款译成:
The improved and developed technology shall be owned by the party who has improved and developed the technology.
如果将“属于”改用belong to,其主语就应该是ownership,表示“所有权属于……”,因为the improved and developed technology属于“知识产权”,而这种权利与物质财产有直接联系。这样,该句还可以调整如下:
The ownership of any improved and developed technology shall belong to the party who has improved and developed the technology.
「例4」本细则的解释权,属于中华人民共和国财政部。
句中的“属于”是指power 0r right will be present or vested in sb or a body,故应选用reside in.全句译成:
The right of interpreting the detailed Rules and Regulations resides in the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China.
9、关于“由于”(due to, owing to, in view of, because of considering, in consideration)的用法
合同经常出现的“由于”,在英语中,常用以下一组短语来表达:due to, owing to, in view of,because of. considering, in consideration.请比较下列句子:
(3)Sources suggested that this decline in exports is largely due to a sharp cutback in the credit offered by the Thai government to these countries.
有消息说,这种出口下降主要是由于泰国政府向这些国家提供的信贷大幅度削减所造成的。
(4) Because of the exceptional demand for electric blankets due to the prolonged cold weather. we are at present out of stock of the make you wish to order.
由于天气持续寒冷,电热毯需求量特大,你方欲订购的制品目前正缺货。
以上两句中,由due to引出的短语均属形容词性质的短词,分别在句中作表语和定语,一般不引出状语。引出状语,表示“由于”的短语往往选用because of和owing to.例如:
(5) Owing to the increasing demand for this type of our products, our stocks have run very low.
由于对此种产品的需求日益增长,我方的存货已不多了。
(6)In consideration of your consistently good credibility, we can accept payment by D/P.
由于贵公司信誉一直很好,我们可以同意以付款单的方式接受付款。
句子中的in consideration of引出的短语也可以表示“由于”,一般作状语,而后面的介词宾语必须是褒义词,一般不用贬义词。
10、关于“有权”和“取消”的用法
「例」 买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定日期之前开出本批交易的信用证。否则,售方有权不经通知取消本确认书,或接受买方对本售货确认书未履行的全部或一部分,或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。
原译文: The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right lo rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained. if any.
该句条款中的“有权”,英文合同中大多选择:to have the right或keep the right,但该句选用reserve the right to do sth. 比前两种表达更正式,因为reserve本身就属条法英语中的专用词汇,表示to have a specified power of right in law.比如,我们经常看到的“版权所有”,用英语表达就是All rights reserved.句中的“取消”,英文中有cancel, abolish, call off等表达方式,而本句选用rescind专门指cancel a contract or an agreement。
11、关于“要求”的表达
「例」 如乙方在技术资料的交付方面违约,不应要求甲方立即支付任何专利权使用费。
原译文: Party A shall not be asked to pay at once any royalties in default on the part of Party B to the Delivery of Technical Documentation.
该译文中的ask应更换为require ,ask和require的意思虽然都是“要求”,但后者更正式;句中的at once应更换为forthwith,因为forthwith是公文体,较at once或immediately正式、严谨。例如:The Parties acknowledge and agree that the Joint Venture Company shall be formed forthwith upon satisfaction of the conditions(缔约各方确认并同意,一旦条件符合,合资经营公司便立即组成)。