第二章 外贸英译汉词语翻译 词语是最基础的一个翻译单位。词语的处理是否恰当关系到句子、段落乃至整个文章的翻译质量。下面，介绍外贸英译汉过程中词语翻译的方法。 1如何选词 我们知道，外贸英语中除了专业术语、专有名词和一些套语外，大部分是常用词。这
第二章 外贸英译汉词语翻译
词语是最基础的一个翻译单位。词语的处理是否恰当关系到句子、段落乃至整个文章的翻译质量。下面，介绍外贸英译汉过程中词语翻译的方法。
1如何选词
我们知道，外贸英语中除了专业术语、专有名词和一些套语外，大部分是常用词。这类词含义丰富，使用灵活，同一个词用在不同专业、不同上下文中或与不同词组搭配，或表达的概念不同，或同一概念所产生的联想不同，汉译时选词就不一样。对于这类常用词，处理方法就不同于处理专业术语，可以一对一地按套路去理解和翻译，而要经过一个由辨明词义到斟酌词语的推敲过程。因此，所谓恰当选词指的是两个方面：一是理解阶段把握词义要准确无误；二是汉译阶段选择用词要恰如其分。从翻译实践中看，要做到这一点，往往离不开一个正确的选择方法和思路，就是说在处理词语翻译时，需要知道从哪些方面入手可以更好地避免在词义的理解和表达上出现失误。
1.1选词要考虑词的一般含义和特殊含义
词的一般含义是指用于文学和社会生活方面的含义；特殊含义则是指用于专业方面的含义。我们在外贸英语中见到的许多词本身都具有这一特点。这类词可以一词多用，出现在不同专业领域中表达的概念也会截然不同。以“policy”为例，该词在一般意义上作“方针”、“政策”解，如“a business policy of the company”（该公司的经营方针）。但是用在保险业中却作“保单”解，这就是该词的特殊含义。因此，翻译时若碰到“open policy”这一词组，就需要根据文章内容辨别它是在一般意义上还是在专业意义上使用，是译作“开放政策”，还是译作“一切险预约保单”。类似情况在外贸英语中会经常遇到，现举数例说明这一现象：
例1 ①Industrial averages were up. 译文：工业股票的平均价格在上涨。
②Average is of two kinds: General Average and Particular Average.
译文：海损有两种：一种是共同海损，另一种是单独海损。
两句中，“average”因用在不同专业领域而具有截然不同的含义。第①句中为股票用语，指的是（若干种股票的）平均价格；第②句中则为保险业用语，意为海损费用。
例2
①The entrepreneur seeks out opportunities, tries things out, and makes decisions based as much on hunch as on analysis.
译文：企业家总是努力寻找机会，勇于尝试，而且决策时既依靠分析也依靠预感。
②Mortgage banks will hire people like Spanish-speaking entrepreneurs to find out who is a good credit risk in the poorer communities.
译文：抵押行会雇佣一些能讲西班牙语的这类中介人，来调查较贫困地区中谁的信贷风险最小。
“entrepreneur”一词在一般意义上作“企业家”解，如第①句中即在这层含义上使用，但用语特殊意义上则指“中介人”，是银行业用语。若不了解该词的这层专业含义，很容易将第②句译成“低压行会雇佣……企业家……”，结果造成想当然的选词错误。
下面这几例中，划线词语也都具有一般与特殊含义之分，翻译时需要抓住其特殊含义，然后考虑选词：
例3 The current US incarnation of overseas end of the former Bell Telephone Corp. has returned to China, joining Japanese and German companies in major high-technology telecommunications manufacturing.
译文：昔日美国贝尔电话公司的海外营业部，如今重整旗鼓，返回中国，与日本和德国公司一起主要从事高技术电信设备的制造。
这句中，“end”一词在商务英语中作“a particular part of a business”解，例如“my partner looks after the advertising end”（我的合伙人负责广告业务）。此处根据上下文译作“营业部”。
例4 At present, we cannot entertain your count offer, as our price is quite reasonable.
译文：因我们的价格订得相当合理，故目前不打算考虑贵方的还盘。
在外贸书信中，“entertain”常作“consider”解，而非一般意义上的“招待”或“款待”。
例5 Here is the payment to satisfy his claim against the insurance company.
译文：这是支付给他向保险公司索赔的偿金。
句中，“satisfy”的含义相当于“pay”，属于正规用法，常见于商业文件中。
例6 Only those firms that believe they can differentiate their products will be willing to enter the industry.
译文：只有那些认为自己产品与众不同的公司才乐于从事这一行业经营。
“industry”一词在外贸英语中出现含义较多。翻译时往往容易将它只同“工业”等同起来，而忽略其他含义。实际上，该词除作“工业”解外，还用于“行业”、“企业”等含义。如句中即指“a distinct group of productive of profit-making enterprises”，即汉语的“行业”。
区别词的一般和专业含义需要掌握一定的专业知识，这样处理起来相对容易些。因为处理这类多义词的关键在于理解，熟悉专业有助于辨别所译之词在特定专业中的含义，可以更好地避免与其一般含义相混淆。至于汉译阶段的词义表达，一般说则相对容易些，因为这类词用在专业文章中，表达的概念大都固定，翻译时无须引申，因此只要理解正确，汉语用词 不会有很大出入。但是，如果对所涉及的专业不熟悉或对这类词的特殊含义比较陌生，理解阶段就容易出错，这种情况下需要格外小心，勤查字典，而不能望“词”生义。多义词的专业含义在较为完备的词典，尤其在专业词典中一般都有专条列出，只要结合文章内容仔细查阅，找准其位置，理解、翻译就可以做到准确、恰当。
1.2选词要考虑词的上下文及其搭配关系
在外贸英语中，还有一类词，其特点是，在使用中词的绝对意义不变，但因所处上下文不同或与之搭配的词组不同，翻译时产生的联想则不同，处理这类词往往更需要根据上下文或相邻词组的含义来确定译语。现以“community”一词为例，该词一般作“a group of people living together and/or united by shared interests, religion, nationality”解。在下列词组中，我们可以看到，尽管该词的上述基本含义不变，但与之搭配词不同，汉译用词就不一样：
world community （世界大家庭）
international community （国际社会）
the European Community （欧洲共同体）
the Atlantic Community （大西洋集团）
the banking community （金融界人士）
对于这类情况，我们选词有两点需要注意，一是已经约定俗成的译语的，如上面的例子以及其他专业术语或专有名称等，翻译时可以沿袭现成，一般可不做改动；二是要根据文章内容或相邻词组来斟酌译语的，如下面例句中的划线词语，翻译时必须灵活处理，而不能套用某个汉语对应词，以不变应万变地去硬译。
例7 The first phase is to be the setting up of joint venture to make switches—subject to US Government approval of export licenses.
译文：第一阶段是建立合资企业以制造交换机——这需要取得美国政府发放的出口许可证。
例8 The obligation of each bank to make the loan to be made by it hereunder is subject to the condition.
译文：各银行贷款的义务需根据下列条件而定。
例9 We thank you for your interest in 3 M Company and its products.
译文：感谢贵方对3M公司及其产品的重视。
例10 During his next trip to China, our president will discuss maters of common interest with your managing director.
译文：我们总裁在下次访华时将与贵方总经理讨论共同关心的问题。
例11 Under US law, MFN treatment is extended automatically to all market-economy trading partners.
译文：依照美国法律，美国自动给予所有实行时常经济的贸易伙伴以最惠国待遇。
例12 Under the circumstances, we have to lodge claims with you as follows：…
译文：在此情况下，我们只好向你方提出索赔如下：……
从上面译例中可以看到，处理这类词语的重点在于汉译阶段的词义表达。选词时要从原词的基本含义出发，结合上下文来考虑译语。如例7、例8句中“subject to”，由基本含义“be ruled by …”出发，考虑汉语的习惯表达，分别选用“要取得……”和“根据……而定”这两个词语译出。第例9、例10句中“interest”，其基本含义为“reading to give attention”，据此则译作“重视”和“关心”。
根据词的上下文和搭配关系考虑选词必然会涉及到汉译阶段的词义引申。下面这些译例与上述例子比较起来词义引申的灵活度更大，因而选词的难度也会相应增加。
例13 Let me illustrate the practical reality of co-operation but taking the narrow field of training, or human resource development.
译文：让我以“培训”或“人力资源开发”这两个具体方面为例，来说明合作的可行性。
例14 This complicated structure ensures that the Fed’s decisions are broadly based and properly insulated from narrow and partisan interests.
译文：这种复杂结构保证联邦储蓄银行的决策具有广泛基础，并完全摆脱狭隘的党派利益。
例15 Japan was the country chairing APEC for 1995.
译文：日本是1995年亚太经济合作组织的主席。
例16 The authorities complain of being short of manpower, and where possible, capital-intensive techniques are introduced.
译文：行政当局因人力匮乏而叫苦不迭。只要可能的话，就引进投资大花钱多的技术设备。
在处理词语翻译时，有时甚至会碰到无法单独就词而译词的情况。在这种情况下，要准确、通顺地传达出原词的含义，只有连同其搭配词组一起考虑引申。
例17 Pricing goods below the competition also exposes a business to pricing wars. Competitors can match the lower price, leaving both parties out in the cold.
译文：将商品价格定价低于竞争对手，还会使企业卷入价格大战。竞争者会竞相压价，以至于两败俱伤。
例18 Technology-intensive industries, such as microchip manufacturing and pharmaceuticals should qualify for unilateral action on the part of US in anticipation of multinational agreements later on.
译文：在技术密集型行业，如微电路芯片制造业和制药业，美国应有条件采取单方面行动，以期日后争取多国协议的认可。
从例17、18看出，虽然从字面上看似乎略译了原文词语，实际上，其含义都充分体现出来了。这说明根据上下文和搭配关系考虑选词时必须灵活掌握，在无法找到汉语对应词的情况下不能生搬硬译，而要考虑改换说法将原词义表达出来，如最后一句，甚至句子结构都要做一调整。
选词时，还有一点需要注意。当句中某个英语词与不同词连续搭配使用时，对该词的处理必须机动灵活，必须照顾汉语的用词表达习惯，避免不分场合地将一种译语一用到底而造成译文表达生硬。
例19 After the war, currencies fluctuated widely in terms of gold and, thus, in relation to each other.
译文：战后，以黄金计算的各国币值激烈波动，因而互比值也极不稳定。
句中，“fluctuate”分别与“in terms of … ”和“in relation to …”搭配使用。翻译时需按汉语的表达习惯选用“波动”搭配“币值”，“不稳定”搭配“比值”。
例20 Making an image and making an object have become indivisible parts of the design process.
译文：树立一种形象和制定一个目标已成为设计过程中不可分割的部分。
“make”一词的使用极为灵活，其确切含义往往要根据搭配词组来定，因此选词要考虑其与相邻词组的关系，找出与汉语搭配方式相符的词语。这里，“形象”与“树立”搭配，“目标”与“制定”搭配，符合汉语的表达习惯。
例21 The Body shop—good to its employees, its customers, the environment—has pioneered a new kind of corporate culture.
译文：这家保健化妆品商店——善待雇员，体贴顾客，保护环境——创立了一种新的公司文化。
句中，“good”一词也是使用和搭配极为灵活的词。这里根据其“kind”或“helpful”这一基本含义，分别译作“善待”、“体贴”、“保护”，以求照顾汉语的搭配习惯。
例22 The main reason why many things have not a world market is that they are costly or difficult to transport.
译文：许多商品之所以没有世界性市场，主要原因在于运费昂贵或运输困难。
例23 China is recovering her true self, drawing lessons both from her own mistakes and from other countries.
译文：中国正在恢复自己的本色，她既从自身错误中吸取教训又从别国那里得到借鉴。
这两句中，例22句“transport”一词之所以分别译作“运费”和“运输”，即是考虑到它与“costly”和“difficult”的搭配关系以及汉语的用词习惯。例23句中对“draw lessons”的处理，按照汉语的习惯说法，反省自身错误一般用“吸取教训”，而用他人错误对照自身则用“借鉴”。
1.3选词考虑抽象概念与具体概念的相互转换
所谓抽象与具体，是指英语中常用抽象词语表达具体概念，或用具体词语表达抽象概念的现象。由于英汉两种语言在用词上的差异，英语中这样用词现象使得翻译时往往找不到完全对应的汉语词，因此，为将原词义准确、通顺地表达出来，只有通过转换，即原文抽象词语用译文具体词语表达，或具体词语用抽象词语来表达。
1.3.1原文抽象词语转换为译文具体词语
例24 The Australian commercial trip to Beijing will leave in the near future.
译文：访问北京的澳大利亚商务代表团将在最近动身。
例25 The greatest increase in US imports of China goods have been registered in toys and foot-wear.
译文：美国已大量增加从中国进口玩具和鞋袜。
例26 Until we have established more clearly your ideas we will plan for three days to cover the discussion on the presentation.
译文：待我们更清楚到了解到贵方的想法后，准备用三天时间讨论讲解的内容。
例27 Sound-bite journalism and entertainment news have taken over the electronic media.
译文：新闻报道和演艺界短评充斥于电视、广播节目之中。
例28 Information guesswork suggests that the steel output could rise to cover one hundred million tons next year.
译文：熟悉情况的人士猜测说，钢铁量在下一年可能超过一亿吨。
由上述几例中可以看到，原文中划线词语均为抽象词语，但所表达的却是具体概念，如“trip”表示“参观（访问）之群体”，“foot-wear”表示脚上所着“鞋袜”等一类东西，因此译成汉语时都要使之具体化。下面例句中的划线词语均为可数名词，但说表达的仍是一类人或一类事物这样的概括含义，因此汉译时仍要考虑如何使之具体化。
例29 She is a valuable acquisition.
译文：她是这家公司不可多得的人才。
例30 In America, Wang computers have become a fixture in offices throughout the country.
译文：在美国，王安公司的电脑已成为全国各地办公室中的必要设备。
例31 Shelton Hotel: convenient to the international business district and all major tourist attractions.
译文：希尔顿饭店：由此抵达商业区及所有主要游览观光场所，甚为方便。
例32 The bank has authorized $400 million for foreign steel ventures in the last years.
译文：银行在过去五年中，已经为在国外建设钢铁厂拨款四亿美元。
1.3.2原文具体词语转换为译文抽象词语
例33 Big Board officials camped out on the exchange floor to prevent chaos.
译文：纽约证券交易所的官员日夜守候在交易大厅以防止出现混乱。
句中，“Big Board”一词为证券所的行情牌，是个非常具体的词，这里代指纽约证券交易所，以具体表达抽象。
例34 This project is an economic albatross from the start.
译文：这项工程从一开始就是财政上的负担。
“albatross”（信天翁）一词源自于英国诗人柯勒律治的作品《古舟子咏》。诗中老水手忘恩负义杀掉信天翁后该鸟即搭在他颈上成为终身累赘。此句中泛指负担。
例35 The bottom line of the problem was that the recession did not show the least sign of bottoming out.
译文：问题的关键是经济衰退未见丝毫好转的迹象。
“bottom line”原指“账本底线”，转为“概要”，“基本意思”等抽象含义，这里用抽象词“关键”译出。
例36 The exact terms of setting up a joint venture enterprise in the city remain to be worked out. For this purpose both sides have a great deal of homework to do.
译文：在该市建立合资企业尚有待于制定具体条件。为此双方还有大量准备工作要做。
此句中，“homework”本意为“家庭作业”，这里指为准备会谈而进行阅读和研究文件等，故用“准备工作”译出。
例37 The drawdown came as no great surprise and simply reflected the company’s desperate need to save money.
译文：这次裁减行动并不使人感到意外。它只是反映了公司不得不拼命节约开支的情况。
“drawdown”原指水库或油库等水位或油位下降，此句中指压缩人员。
Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
⑴While the plan did promise fewer curbs on imports of telecommunications gear, medicine and medical equipment, it offered no relief for American forest products.
⑵The expense was out of all relation to the results.
⑶Our company has had business relation with a firm in Stockholm for ten years.
⑷Part of the explanation for the manufacturing deficit lies in collapse of the once buoyant Middle East market for French exports.
⑸We always dislike refusing requests of any kind from regular customers.
⑹In connection with the performance of this Agree-ment, each party shall be responsible for damages caused by his fault to third parties.
⑺The policy of industrialization through import substitution generally met with only limited success or with failure.
⑻A similar but well-established cloth from India is available locally at 17.5d per yard.
⑼Here the exporter's assets (the money due from the overseas buyer) will always match his liability (his foreign currency borrowings).
⑽Our unique concept was a response to buyer needs, bringing greater reliability, higher-quality output, exceptional user-friendliness and operational ease.
2增加词语
下面分别举例介绍一下商务英汉翻译过程中常见的增词法。增词法并不是说译者可以随心所欲地增加任何词。一般说来，增加的词尽管没有出现在原文字面上，但实际上其意都隐含在原文中。经常使用的增词法有以下几种情况：
2.1. 根据英文语法要求增词
2.1.1增加需要重复的词
英语句子表达为了简洁，在语法上常避免重复，在翻译时为了使中文表达更清楚而需要相应的增加词即重复省略词语。
⑴重复名词
例1 Please carefully read all the following terms and conditions, which shall govern your use of the software products and attached documentation.
译文：请仔细阅读下列所有条款和规则，这些条款和规则将指导您如何使用软件产品和附带的文件资料。（重复"这些条款和规则"）
例2 And even if large investment with a 10- year payback period looks difficult, for large companies there are plenty of smaller opportunities which will pay back much quickly.
译文：即使回报期为十年的大规模投资看起来有困难，对大公司来说，仍有许多小规模投资的机会，其回报期将会短得多。（加译“规模”）
⑵重复代词
例3 Banks do no clear parcels addressed to them for account of drawees and the postal authorities may return them to the sender if not cleared 22days after arrival.
译文：邮寄包给银行，银行不代付款人办理清关手续。货到邮局22天后，邮局可将邮包退给发货人
例4 A bill of lading is usually made out in copies, some in duplicate, some in triplicate and some even in quadruplicate.
译文：提单缮制时，通常是一式几份，有的是两份，有的是三份，还有的甚至是四份。
例5 Generally we open for customers three kinds of credit. One is documentary letter of credit, another is revolving letter of credit and a third is travelers' letter of credit.
译文：我们通常为客户开例三种信用证：一种是跟单信用证，另一种是循环信用证，还有一种是旅行信用证。
例6 We agree to set up agency relationship between our two banks so that you can transact business directly with the following domestic branches of ours.
译文：我们同意贵我两行建立代理关系，这样贵行便可以同我国内（这些）分行直接办理业务了。
例7 It's more expensive than it was last time but not as good .
译文：价格比上次的高，但质量却比上次的差。（but it's not as good as it was last time）（加译“却比上次的差”）
2.1.2增加表示时态和复数的词
英语可以通过名词、动词的词形变化来表现时态和复数。英语动词的时态靠词形或者加助动词来表达的。汉语靠增加时态助词或者一般表示时间的词。"曾，已经，过了，在，正在,着，将，要，会，便"等。.
例8 The agreement will come into force next spring. 译文：协议将于明年生效。（加译"将"）
例9The bargain continued far into the night. 译文：讨价还价一直延续到深夜。（加译"一直"）
例10When applying for visas, aliens shall present valid passports and, if necessary provide pertinent evidence.
译文：外国人申请各项签证，应当提供有效护照，必要时提供有关证明。(加译"各项")
2.2 根据表达逻辑要求增词
有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语,但根据上下文可以判断出其隐含的逻辑关系,如转折,假设,让步,因果关系等,就原文的表达形式来看，逻辑上是通的，但在译成汉语时，若不加上适当的词，在逻辑上就显得欠缺一些。因而，出于汉语逻辑上的考虑，翻译时必须加上适当的词，把隐含的意思充分表达出来，使它形式上合乎思维规律，意义上顺理成章。
例11 Should your price be found competitive and delivery data acceptable, we intend to piece a large order with you.
译文：如你方价格有优惠,交货期合适,我们打算大量订购.(加译表假设的"如")
例12 All the multilateral arrangements need to be examined for clauses that restrict the free trade.
译文：对于所有各种多边安排都必须加以审查，以便研讨其中有无限制自由贸易的条款。（加译对象性的词"对于"）
例13 Such an office's activities might be limited to market research, communication, sales and purchasing.
译文：其经营活动多限于市场调查，信息沟通和采购销售等。（加译限定性的词"信息"）
2.3 根据表达的语义需要增词
增加因语义表达需要的词，是指为了使译文表达通顺流畅，而根据汉语的表达习惯增加一些词。经常增加的词有动词，名词和量词等等。
2.3.1增加动词
汉语句子中动词占优势，使用的频率很高。因此，英汉翻译中经常需要根据上下文的意思添加一些动词，使译文表达更加清楚，通顺。
例14 All cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.
译文：所有现金红利，均须缴纳所得税。（加译"缴纳"）
例15 Various departments are in close touch with each other all the time.
译文：各部门相互间一直保持密切接触。（加译"保持"）
2.3.2增加名词
在翻译过程中为了符合表达习惯，有时可以在某些形容词前增加名词。
例16 As to direct and indirect exporting, which approach is best depends on such factors as the company's size ,its export volume, the number of foreign countries involved ,the investment required to support the operation, the profit potential, the risk present, and the desires of the overseas buyers.
译文：至于直接出口业务和间接出口业务，哪一种方式最好取决于许多因素，比如，公司的大小、出口数量的多少，公司业务所牵涉的国家的多少，出口所需要投资的多少，可赚利润的多少，存在风险多少，以及海外买主的要求等。（加译“业务”和“多少”）
例17 The printer is indeed cheap and fine.
译文：这台打印机真的是物美价廉。（加译“物品”和“价格”）
例18 The leader is not satisfied with our preparation.
译文：领导对我们的准备工作不满意。（加译“工作”）
例19 These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.
译文：这些早期的汽车速度缓慢，行动笨拙，效率不高。(加译"速度 ""行动""效率")
例20 Rubber is a light, elastic, durable and water－resistant material, which make rubber industry very important.
译文：橡胶是一种重量轻，弹性好，经久耐用，能够防水的材料，这就使得橡胶工业十分重要。
例21 The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper, and more abundant.
译文：工程的目的是要创造有用的物品，使它们的质量更好，价格更便宜，数量更充足。
例22 The latest type of the TVR system is light, inexpensive and easy to manipulate.
译文：这种最新型的电视录像装置重量轻，价格低，而且操作简便。（加译"重量，价格"）
另外，在商务英语中常会碰到一些内涵比较空泛的词语，这类词使用域较宽，可以表达概括，笼统的含义，汉译时需要增加表范畴的名词，化虚为实，使之具体化。
例23 Banks are closely concerned with the flow of money into and out of the economy.
译文：银行与经济活动的货币流入与流出量有密切关系。（加译“经济活动”）
例24 The export is not permitted to exceed its limitation.
译文：出口物资不得超过限制范围。（加译“出口物资”和“限制范围”）
例25 Before settling your prices, you must understand your product's market, distribution costs and competition.
译文：定价之前，你必须了解产品市场，分销成本和竞争情况。（加译“竞争情况”）
例26 Your corporation's representatives asked that additional details be sent to your corporation for future consideration.
译文：贵公司的代表要求我们寄送更为详细的资料，以便做进一步考虑。（加译“详细的资料”）
2.3.4增加解释词语
原文的寓意在上下文中很明确，但如果照字面直译过来可能会看不明白或产生误解。这种情况下需要加上一些解释性词语，以便将原文中的隐义明确表达出来。
例27 This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.
译文：尽管有种种不周全之处,这个计划仍被认为是最佳计划之一。（加译“尽管”和“仍”）
例28 The formation of growth triangles is a pragmatic response to regional autarky.
译文：“经济增长三角区”的形式是对区域性自给自足政策的一种务实的反应。（加译“经济”）
2.3.5 增加概括词
概括词是英汉两种语言所共有的,但有时英语句子中并没有出现概括词, 在基本译文的基础上加上适当的表示"两人","双方","等","等等","凡此种种"等概括词，其目的是使译文概念进一步明确，而且可以使上下文的连贯性得到进一步加强。
例29 Draft and invoice are different instruments.
译文：汇票和发票是两种不同的票据。（加译“两种”）
例30 Like most beverage factories, Baisha Beer Brewery produces and stores enough breweries in the summer and fall when there is a great demand.
译文：与大多数饮料厂一样,白沙啤酒厂在需求旺盛的夏秋两季,生产、储存足够的啤酒。（加译“两季”）
2.3.6增加附加含义的词
中文习惯用四字结构表达，为了迎合中文表达习惯，英译汉时常增加表示附加含义的词。
例31 We have a good assortment of goods to choose from .
译文：本店货色齐全，花色多样，任凭挑选。（加译“花色多样，任凭”）
例32 Carpets made in our company are beautiful and magnificent.
译文：本公司生产的地毯美丽大方，光彩夺目，富丽堂皇。（加译“光彩夺目，富丽堂皇”）
Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
⑴ When Janpanese companies set out to break into a market, short -term profitability seldom enters the picture.
⑵ Heavy-banded interventions in industrial policy generally does not work.It tents to create inefiencies and artificial barriers to wealth.
⑶ This would delight most free traders including USA/NAFTA, an advocacy group that has nine CEOs among its members.
⑷ In reply to your order of Dec.15, we regret to say that we do not have in stock any such articles as you describe.
⑸ The agreement may be reached before or after the occurrence of a dispute.
⑹ There are two major ways to develop distributions: direct or indirect.
⑺ Imports and exports increased rapidly and there was improvement in the utilization of foreign funds.
⑻When applying for visas, aliens shall present valid passports and ,if necessary
provide pertinent evidence.
⑼The latest type of the TVR system is light, inexpensive and easy to manipulate.
⑽Inspect the instrument carefully for damage when removing it from the
protective container.
⑾As to direct and indirect exporting, which approach is best depends on such
factors as the company's size ,its export volume, the number of foreign countries
involved ,the investment required to support the operation, the profit potential,
the risk present, and the desires of the overseas buyers.
⑿This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.
⒀When necessary ,party A will provide storage for exhibits and commodities unsold during the fair till their sales or disposal by the Chinese owners.
⒁Oriental package company Ltd., a leading packaging manufacturer in china ,provides instruments, equipment, materials ,and services for the package of the products ,particularly for food and chemical products.
⒂Before settling your prices ,you must understand your product's market ,distribution costs and competition.
3减省词语
由于英汉两种语言在语法结构，表达方式以及修辞手段上的不同，有些单于或句子成分在英语中是必不可少的，但是搬到译文中去，就会影响译文的简洁和通顺。因此在外贸英译汉的过程中，为了使译文更加简练，更符合汉语的表达习惯，需要减省一些可有可无或翻译后反嫌累赘的词语。但必须注意，减省不是删掉原文中的某些内容，在不易略译的情况下，不要随便省略。
3.1省略表意作用不大或无表意作用的词语
在英语中，有些词类如冠词：连词、介词、动词语等，有时在句中只起语法作用而无表意作用或表意作用不大，这类词在不影响原意的情况下可考虑省略不译。
3.1.1冠词
英语冠词具有双重作用。一是用来表示数目或特指事物，具有实义；二是只起到语法作用，如不定冠词用于泛指而无数量概念，定冠词只用于限定而非特指，后一种情况汉译时大多数冠词可以省略不译。
例1 AT&T will not put a dollar figure on how much it will end up investing.
译文：美国电报电话公司不打算透露它最终要投资多少美元。
例2 The purpose of insurance is to provide protection against financial loss at a reasonable cost.
译文：保险的目的是以合理的代价为经济损失提供保障。
例3 A large truth, however, is that recovery for all of these countries require the revival and expansion of world trade.
译文：然而，更重要的事实是，所有这些国家的经济复苏都取决于世界贸易的复苏和扩大。
当然，有些习惯短语中的冠词翻译时不可随便省译，冠词的有无，其意义会大相径庭，
切不可想当然，比如，out of question（没问题）与out of the question（不可能）、take place（发生）与take the place（代替）、in control（控制） 与in the control（被控制）等。
3.1.2连词
汉语中词与词之间的关系主要靠词序来表达，彼此的逻辑关系是暗含与句序之间，勿需连词。英语中词与词之间的关系，则主要靠连词来表达。因此在商务英语中英译汉时在很多情况下都可以省掉连词。
例4 We appreciate your cooperation and book forward to receiving your further orders.
译文：谢谢贵公司合作，希望继续下定单。
例5 We sincerely hope to establish business relations with your company so as to promote trade between our two countries.
译文：我们期盼与贵公司建立贸易关系，发展我们两国之间的贸易。
例6 This offer is firm, subject to your reply which should reach us not later than the end of this month.
译文：此发盘为实盘，以你方在本月底前回复有效。
3.1.3介词
商务英语中词与词.词组与词组之间的关系，通常用连词和介词来表示-----实际上介词用的更频繁。而汉语却多用词序来表示上述关系。因此，在汉译时，许多介词跟连词一样往往可以省略。
例7 Our purposes are to promote cooperation and development by means of information sharing, and to promote mutual prosperity by means of joint development.
译文：我们的目的是通过沟通促进合作发展，通过共同发展促进繁荣。
例8Exquisite in structure.Durable in use. 译文：结构精巧，牢固耐用。
例9 We have your name and address from the commercial office of Chinese Embassy in English.
译文：我方从英国中国使馆商务办得知有贵公司的名称和地址。
例10 We are a state-owned company dealing specially with the export of tablecloth
译文：我方是一个专营桌布出口的国有企业。
3.1.4动词
在英语句子中，有些谓语动词只同具有实意的名词词组搭配使用，本身表意作用很小或根本我表意作用，这类动词汉译时可以省略不译，而将名词（词组）转译为汉语动词。
例11 Delivery must be affected within the time stated on the purchase order.
译文：必须在购货订单规定的时间内交货。
例12 The actual date of the completion of the purchase shall coincide with the availability of the new facilities.
译文：到新设备供应时再进货。
例13 A cost lid must always be used in preparing a bid or quoting a job.
译文：在准备为某项工程投标或报价时，必须对成本加以限制。
例14 The cessation of the present restriction cannot be made.
译文：目前这些限制尚不能取消。
3.1.5代词
下面两类代词可以考虑省去不译。
①所有格代词
按照英语语法，在一个句子中，指代前述主语表明所有关系，或指代前述主语表明动作的逻辑主语或宾语关系时，必须跟用与主语一致的所有格代词，但汉语这方面却无硬性规定，有时候省略不译可能更符合汉语的表达习惯。
例15 A firm needs to reduce its costs and obtain the best prices possible for the merchandise.
译文：企业需要降低成本,并使商品达到尽可能优惠的价格。
例16 Many small service firms fail to analyze their services' total cost, and therefore fail to price them profitably.
译文：许多小型劳务公司不去分析劳务总成本，因此也无法为服务项目定出有利可图的价格。
例17 New York stock Exchange provides a centrally located place for its members to buy and sell securities.
译文：纽约证券交易所为会员买进买出证券提供了一个集中场所。
②第一人称主格代词
第一人称主格代词的省略主要用于翻译商业信函。按照汉语撰写商业书信的习惯，开首句和结束语中的第一人称往往省略不用，因此翻译时可以考虑省略不译。
例18 We are in receipt of your fax of May 8th, offering us 200,000 yards of Cottons Piece Goods Arts.No.C-342.
译文：兹收到贵方5月8日报盘20万码C-342货号棉布的传真。
例19 We hope you will consider our counter-offer most favorably and fax us your acceptance immediately.
译文：望你方对我方还盘优先考虑，并从速传真受盘。
例20 I enclose herewith a sample. 译文：现随函附上样品一件。
3.1.6名词
外贸英语中常常出现充当主语和表语的名词相同以及充当其它句子成分的名词相同的情况，汉译时出于修辞上的需要，往往要省略重复的名词。此外，有些名词在英文中是必要的，若译成中文便成了蛇足，因此也不宜译出。
例21 The company has now 35 representative offices within China and four representatives out.
译文：公司在国内设立了35个、国外4个代表处。
例22 Our stocks now include a wide range of first-class personal computers at very attractive prices.
译文：目前，我们可以提供一流的各式各样的个人电脑，价格非常诱人。
例23 We look forward to the pleasure of your renewed order.
译文：我们期待再次收到你们的订单。
3.2.修辞性省略
修辞性省略属于比较高级的不易掌握的一种翻译技巧。它是指从译文的修辞角度考虑，省略掉原文中某些不言而喻，不说自明的词，或省去原文中某些重复的词。如果说语法性（结构性）略译是比较消极的略译手法，那么修辞性略译则是积极的略译手法；前者一目了然，后者则不易把握。下面例子中划线部分已省译。
例24 Shen Zhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) has served the nation well as a showcase of opening-up a gateway of international exchange, and a power use of economic growth.
译文：深圳经济特区发挥了很好的窗口作用和辐射作用。
例25 Would you kindly quote the cost price for the assembly operation?
译文：请报装配业务的成本价格。
例26 It is comprehensible that owing to the change of mode of trade and terms of payment, some rises in price might be necessary.
译文：由贸易方式和付款条件的改变，报价有所提高是可以理解的。
例27 It provides a continuous challenge to bring the buyer and the seller together on terms favorable to each.
译文：它能使买卖双方以互利条件成交，就要经受不断的挑战。
3.3略化赘语以符合汉语表达习惯
有时候，英语表达某一概念时用词繁冗，如果照在字面直译过来，会使译文变得罗嗦，有损于简洁，这种情况下省去赘语不译。
例28 He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project.
译文：对于这个计划，他要求各部门给予合作。
句中，"mutual cooperation"如照直译作"相互合作"，译文比较罗嗦。“合作”一词实际已包含了“相互"的意思。
例29 We must bring forward a new design at the earliest possible date.
译文：我们必须尽早拿出一项新的设计方案。
例30 Please give us a definite reply at your earliest convenience.
译文：请尽早给予我们确定的答复。
这两句中，原文划线部分都可以简化的译作”尽早“。如果译作“在您可能的最早时间内”和“在您可能的最方便时候”就破坏了汉语公文用词简洁的特点。
3.4同义词或近义词并译
英语同汉语比较，前者表达某些概念时要比后者具体、细致，譬如“广告”，英语中有“advertisement"表示文字广告和”commercial"表示电视插播广告之分，而汉语则无此区别，因此遇到原文中有这类词语连用时，根据同义相并的原则可以考虑并译。
例31 On the other hand, advertisements and commercials do many important things for society: They covey business information, facilitate communication and help keep the business world moving.
译文：另一方面，广告也为社会做了许多重要工作：传递商品信息，便于相互沟通并促进商界得以正常运作。
例32 The wages, salaries or their legitimate income earned by the foreign staff and workers of contractual joint ventures after the payment of individual income tax ac according to law, may be remitted abroad.
译文：合资企业外籍员工的工资和其他合法收入，依法交纳个人所得税后，可以汇往国外。
例33 The majority of stockholders are in complete sympathy with the company's goals and objectives in regard to the construction of a new plant.
译文：大多数股东完全赞同公司创建新工厂的目标。
例34 Your pricing structure and policy are major components of your public image and are crucial to securing and keeping your clients.
译文：你的定价结构及措施是你在公众形象中的主要组成部分。对招揽顾客起着至关重要的作用。
有一点需要注意，运用相并原则必须以忠实为前提，不能只为追求译文的简洁而损害原文含义。
例35 Such capital is accumulated by a deliberate policy of saving surpluses. This policy may be personal and individual or may be personal and individual or may be public and collective.
译文：这样的资本是通过贮存盈余的审慎办法积累起来的。这种措施也许是私人性质的，属于个人所为，也许是公共性质的，属集体所为。
句中两部分划线词语都不宜采用并译办法处理，这是因为“personal”和“public”是讲资本积累的性质，“individual ”和“collective”则是指资本积累的行为主体，所以汉译时必须加以区别。
Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
⑴Upon inspection,it was found that the total content of the order had been short-delivered by 21 tons.
⑵The project is under discussion.
⑶Since 2008 we have been awarded by ministry, province and municipality many times.
⑷It would be highly appr3eciated if you could look into the execution of our order dated March 9 for 15 cartons of electronic components,which should have reached our destination two weeks ago.
⑸In the early 1980s, manufacturers in Japan and the Asian “Four Tigers” moved their factories to the places where cheap labour was available.
⑹It would be very much appreciated if you could confirm the shipping arrangement as soon as possible.
⑺These are the equipment and components to be delivered to Iran for the Tehran metro project.
⑻The parties understand and agree that law of china will be applied to interpreter the contract.
⑼If shipment is delayed because the buyer fails to furnish such proof timely, the seller will not be deemed to have breached the contract.
⑽The buyer will be responsible for obtaining import license issued by the appropriate agency of USA government; the seller will be responsible for obtaining export license issued by the appropriate agency of China government.
⑾A party must notify the other party in writing of any change in address within 90 days of the effective date of the change.
⒀If the delay in delivery results because of the seller's efforts to comply with particular specifications supplied by the buyer, the buyer will not have a right to cancel the contract.
⒁We confirm your order received on Jan.6th.2004 for the following goods.
4词序调整
词序就是词或短语在句中的排列顺序。词序的排列既受到语法规则的制约，也取决于修辞的需要。这方面，英语和汉语有很大的不同，因此翻译过程中，完全不变动词序即能译得准确、恰当的情况并不多见。多数情况下要对原词序做些改动并根据情况重新组织，才能够保证译文的通顺、规范、才能不致产生误解。例如翻译“the first head of the Trade Delegation of Australia to be received in China”这一短语，译作“中国将接待的第一位澳大利亚贸易代表团团长”和译作“中国将接待的澳大利亚第一位贸易代表团团长”，意思不大相同，后者就容易使人误解为是“澳大利亚的首位……团长”。再如“a good deep-water harbor”这个短语，如照原词序译作“良好的深水港”就不如调整词序后译作“深水良港”来得简洁、地道。可见，词序调整在翻译中并非是可用可不用的技巧，词序要不要调整以及如何调整，往往关系到译文表达是否清楚、简洁。
就外贸英语而言，因修辞需要而改变词序的现象并不像文学英语那样频繁多见，因此翻译中涉及修辞方面的词序调整问题并不十分突出。外贸英语翻译中所要注意的，主要是属性关系上的词序，即单词、短语作定语和状语的位置问题，需要了解其排列顺序的主要特点，以及翻译中如何根据汉语排列规则做出恰当调整。一般说来，无论英语还是汉语，属性关系上的词序排列都有一定规则可循。我们通过对比，认识两种语言在这方面的差异，找出带有规律性的东西并自觉地运用在实践中。另一方面，由于词序也受惯用法的影响，例外情况不少，所以调整词序还要注意灵活处理。
4.1定语词序调整
⑴英语中，有些单词或短语作定语时是可以置于被修饰语之后的，如以-able或-ible结尾的形容词（短语）；表示时间、地点的副词；不定式短语；分词（短语）；介词短语等，但汉语中则不存在这样的情况，翻译时一律放在被修饰语之前。
例1 The accountant can develop the entire system most suitable for your business needs.
译文：会计师可以编制出最适合生意上需要的一整套会计制度。
例2 The rate charged is less than that for almost any other type of loan available to consumers.
译文：支付的利息低于消费者可以得到的几乎任何其他贷款的利息。
例3 How much cash is tied up in accounts receivable and for how long?
译文：有多少现金滞留在应收账户上？滞留多少？
例4 The strong dollar abroad has reduced American exports and increased imports.
译文：国外美元坚挺已使美国出口下降，进口增加。
例5 From the Survey Report issued by the Commodity Inspection Bureau here, you will see that there is a shortage of 868 kilos.
译文：由此处商品检验局出具的检测报告中可知短重868公斤。
例4、5句中，做定语的副词“abroad”，“here”分别置于被修饰语之后，但应注意放在这个位置上的副词有时并非都是定语，而有可能是修饰动词的状语，例如“The EEC today is seeking stable and diversified supplies of energy, raw materials and nonferrous metals.”这句中，“today”是时间状语，所以应译作“欧洲共同体目前正从各方面寻求能源、原材料和有色金属的稳定供应。”而不能译作“目前的欧洲共同体……。”
例6 In the direct overseas trade, any changes in import duties are considered to be the importer’s risk.
译文：在这种直接的对外贸易中，进口税则的任何改变，其风险均由进口商承担。
例7 We reserve the right to claim compensation from you for the loss.
译文：我们保留对贵公司要求赔偿损失的权利。
②英语中，有两个或两个以上单词置于中心词前共同修饰一个名词时，基本排列顺序依次为：①冠词或所有格代词（名词）；②数量；③时间、地点；④.泛指性形容词；⑤表大小、长短、高低形容词；⑥表形状形容词；⑦表年龄、新旧形容词；⑧.表颜色形容词；⑨.分词；⑩.复合形容词等
这里需要说明一点，上面这种排列顺序只是一个基本规则，实际应用中这种完全罗列在中心词之前的情况几乎不会出现，其中许多成分都可以借助不同语法手段置于中心词之后，如名词后置可以加介词；形容词、分词后置可以看作是定语从句的省略等等。另外，按照英语语法规则，不定式做修饰语时不能像分词一样前置，但是就其功能而言可以归入分词一类，因此不定式做后置定语时仍按分词的位置对待，以便翻译时调整汉语饿词序。
汉语修饰语的排列顺序依次为：
①领属性定语；②.时间、地点定语；③.指示性形容词、数词；④修饰性定语；⑤表性质、类属定语.。
例7 The higher IMF estimates may be better yard-sticks of economic progress.
译文：国际货币基金组织的较高的估计可能是衡量经济进步的比较科学的标准。
“IMF”中文是“国际货币基金组织”是领属性定语，“higher”“较高的”是修饰性定语，按照中文表达习惯，领属性定语在前，修饰性定语在后，因而，需要调整。
例8 The solution is to globalize major Australian corporations.
译文：解决办法就是将澳大利亚的主要公司推向全球。
例9 Bank bonds are also popular because they have a short maturing and are currently offering an interest rate of 20% more than the average bank deposit rates.
译文：银行债券也颇受欢迎，因为期限短，利率也高于银行的平均存款利率。
例10 Sharp oil-price declines caused countries in the region to scale back mega-engineering projects.
译文：石油价格的剧跌使得该地区的国家压缩大的工程项目。
⑶英语中，如果中心词既有前置形容词，又有后置介词短语共同修饰，汉译时可考虑后置定语与被修饰的关系，参考汉语的基本顺序排列。
例11 The OPEC countries have decided to impose a surcharge on the oil price for the fourth quarter.
译文：欧佩克成员国已决定对第四季度油价征收附加费。
例12 We allow a trade discount of 35% and a special discount of 5% on orders received on or before 31st May.
译文：对在5月31日或在此之前收到的订单，我们给予35%的贸易折扣和5%的特扣。
例13 Financial checking and examination of the joint venture company shall be conducted by an auditor registered in China.
译文：合资企业的财务审查、稽核由在中国注册的会计师完成。
例14 A favourable decision is needed on most favoured nation trading status for China.
译文：需要就延长中国的贸易最惠国地位问题做出有利决定。
上面四句中的后置定语前移，是根据汉语修饰语的排列顺序调整的。如例11句中“for…”表示领属；例14句中“most favoured nation trading state for China”实际上可以看作是一个固定词语，但“for China”从逻辑关系上看处在汉语的限定性定语位置上，意为“给中国的……”，按照汉语习惯表达，译作：“中国的…”，结构上与表领属关系的译法相同。另外有一种情况，如果中心词前有所有格限定，汉译时则可以不加调整，因为英语中所有格相当于汉语的领属关系，都处于最前面，如：
例15 In reply to your order of December 15, we regret to say that we do not have in stock any such articles as you describe.
译文：就贵公司12月15日的订单，兹回复，贵公司所述的那种货物现无货可供，甚为遗憾。
例16 We also appreciate your friendly words about the relations between our two countries.
译文：我们也赞赏您就我们两国关系所做的友好讲话。
例17 It is the world’s outstanding example of self-reliance.
译文：这是全世界自力更生的杰出榜样。
⑷英语中，如果中心词有前置定语，又有分词短语或不定式短语作后置定语，汉译时后置分词后不定式短语在前移后处于限定性定语的位置上，而前置定语位置则要视情况来确定。
例18 APEC too will face different problems arising from growing up.
译文：亚太经济合作组织也将面临发展过程中出现的各种问题。
例19 For one reason or another, all countries impose trade barriers on certain goods crossing their bourder.
译文：由于各种原因，所有国家对某些过境商品都设有贸易壁垒。
例20 The China Europe International Business School of Shanghai is a business school run on Western line and Funded in large part by Western companies.
译文：上海中欧国际商学院是一所按西方思路设计并大部分由西方公司赞助的商业学校。
例21 AT&T became the fourth foreign company to join in the vast task of modernizing China’s telecommunications system.
译文：美国电话电报公司已成为承担使中国通信系统现代化这个巨大任务的第四家公司。
例18句译文中，“发展过程中出现的”置于“各种”之前，是因为后者是修饰性定语。例19句中，“过境”置于“某些”之后，是因为后者处于指示代词的位置。例20句中，“商业”为性质、类属定语，所以紧贴被修饰语。例21句中，“第四家”属于数字范围，本应置于前面，但按照汉语的修辞习惯，修饰语越短越靠近被修饰语，所以置于最后。
4.2状语次序调整
就外贸英语翻译而言，英语和汉语在状语上的差异主要表现在三个方
面：
①英语句子中的副词，尤其表示程度和方式副词，修饰动词时，其位置可在动词之前后之后，翻译时按照汉语顺序一般放在动词之前，有时候也可以加“得”置于动词之后，但就汉语语法成份来说，“得”后面的成份已不再是状语而是补语了。
例22 We will regret very much if you insist on canceling the contract.
译文：如果你方坚持撤消合同，我们将深感遗憾。
例23 We sincerely hope that the parties concerned would be able to negotiate amicably for a solution.
译文：我们真诚地希望有关各方面友好协商以求解决。
例24 The productive methods are now being used most widely in the aircraft industry.
译文：这种生产方法目前在航空制造业中使用得最为广泛。
例25 Yesterday’s negotiation went smoothly. 译文：昨天的谈判进行得很顺利。
②英语中有些副词如“however”，“therefore”，“though”，“then”等以及一些介词短语如“according to”，“after all”，“on the other hand”，其位置可以在句首，也可以为插入语置于句中，比较灵活，但汉译时则一律置于句首：
例26 Long term, however, Thailan may have to give way to Indonesia as ASEAN’s most popular tourist destination.
译文：但是从长远来看，泰国作为东盟最受欢迎的旅游胜地的地位可能要让位于印度尼西亚。
例27 More recently, though, IBM’s dominance of the computer market has slipped.
译文：不过，近些年来国际商用机器公司在电脑市场上的统治地位下降了。
例28 In the private sector, after all, France has clearly demonstrated its ability to produce global leaders.
译文：毕竟，法国已明显地表现出它有能力在私有部门中产生全球性的企业领袖。
例29 The supply of money, on the other hand, is the actual amount in notes and coins available for business purposes.
译文：另一方面，货币供应量是可供交易使用的纸币和硬币的实际数量。
例30 These American investors do not know how to stop the automatic payment, according to Dr. Goodman, so the mutual funds continue to benefit by millions of dollars.
译文：按照古德曼博士的观点，这些美国投资者不知道如何中止自行支付，因此互惠基金仍能从数百万美元中继续受益。
③英语中，如果有几个状语出现，一般是方式状语在地点状语之前，地点状语在时间状语之前，而且有两个或两个以上的时间或地点状语同时出现时，通常是单位越小越在前，单位越大越在后。汉语的基本顺序是时间状语在地点状语之前，地点状语在方式状语之前，如有多个时间、地点状语时，单位越大越在前，越小越在后。翻译时需要根据这些差异进行调整。
例31 Shipment of the goods shall start in New York after 2 months commencing from the date of down payment and be completed within 3 months.
译文：货物在交付定金之日起两个月后开始由纽约发运，并在三个月内完成。
例32 Party A shall pay the entire cost of the machinery but delivering the products as a make-up payment, and pay it off within a period of 3 years.
译文：甲方将在三年内以商品形式偿付全部机械价款。
例33 The sample is to be sent to you by airmail in 2 days. 译文：样品将于两天后空邮寄赠。
例34This contract signed on 5 March, 2005, by and between China Textiles Import and Export Corporation on one hand India Textiles Import and Export Corporation on the other hand.
译文：本合同由中国纺织品进出口公司公司为一方和印度纺织品进出口公司另一方于2005年3月5日签订。
词序排列和调整在实际应用比较灵活，也比较复杂。究竟如何调整，除了掌握其一般规律外，主要根据内容依靠逻辑的推理，尽量避免可能的误解和不规范的表达方式。
Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
⑴From our discussions, you may know our endorsers are very interested to have from you some literature on the application of your engineering plastics.
⑵Publicity has to do with monitoring the product’s or company’s image with the relevant public.
⑶The retailer is the most expensive link in the chain of distribution.
⑷A corporation is a legal entity—an artificial legal “person”— created on the approval of the appropriate governmental authority.
⑸Compared with telex, a fax machine has the advantage of sending and receiving an exact copy of any image-typescript, handwriting, drawings or photographs.
⑹Third, continuous or long-term dumping is a persistent practice which usually is done.
⑺The main purpose of documentations to provide a specific and complete description of the goods for the sake of import duty.
⑻ＷＴＯ is one of the three most important international organizations related to economy and trade.
5词语反译
反译是相对于正译而言的一种翻译方法。所谓“反”就是从反面表达。例如下面这句话：
Much to your disappointment the replacement of the goods with flaws is above me.
从正面着笔可译作：
太让你失望了，要求替换有瑕疵产品超过我的能力。
也可以从反面着笔处理：
太让你失望了，我无权替换有瑕疵产品。
一般说来，我们译词时多以正译为主，即以肯定译肯定或以否定译否定的方法处理。但从正面翻译并非在任何时候都能行得通。英语中有不少词语，如只从正面翻译就可能根本无法下笔，或者译出来也相当勉强，很难达到既确切又通顺的效果。这种情况下，考虑从反面着笔，即以肯定译否定或以否定译肯定的方法处理，则可能译得非常顺手。可见，反译法与正译法一样也是需要掌握的一种技巧。
从外贸英语翻译实践中看，有两种情况可考虑采用反译法来处理：
5.1从正面下笔无法译出的词语
由于两种语言用词上的差异，英语中有些词语，或以肯定词形表达否定或排除含义，或加“de-”，“dis-”，“un-”，“-less”等否定词头或词尾表达肯定含义或与“not”连用却表达肯定含义等词语，翻译时往往找不到完全对等的汉语词，这种情况下可以考虑采用反译法处理。
5.1.1以否定译肯定：
例1 After the ship unloads at Tiburg Dock, the goods will go to the container freight station.
译文：船在蒂尔堡码头卸货后，货物将送入集装箱货运站。
例2 Brokers fielded frantic calls from investors in various stages of disbelief and agony.
译文：经纪人现场回答投资者打来的万分激动的电话，这些投资者都处于不同程度的怀疑和痛苦之中。
例3 The factory is now unprovided with the techniques necessary for the manufacturing of the product.
译文：工厂目前缺乏制造这种产品所需的技术。
例4 A single market will result in many sweeping changes to the European economy, not least the creation of large companies.
译文：单一市场将导致欧洲经济产生许多决定性的变化，尤其是导致更大公司的建立。
5.1.2以肯定译否定：
例5 In your eagerness to secure profits, you have failed to give due consideration to the sellers’ standpoints.
译文：也许贵公司由于求利心切而未能适当考虑卖方的立场。
例6 In the absence of a settlement through negotiation, the case under dispute can be submitted to arbitration.
译文：如果通过谈判找不到解决办法，争议之事可提交仲裁。
例7 According to the stipulation of the contract, the powder should be free of foreign substances.
译文：按合同规定，这种粉末不应混有异物。
例8 Your requirement for 5000 MT of sugar is more than what we can supply.
译文：贵公司所需5000吨食糖，我们无法提供。
例9 In this case, we were compelled to cancel the contract, rather lodging a penalty against you.
译文：在此情况下，我方被迫撤约而未向贵方提出罚款。
5.2从正面下笔难以译得确切、通顺的词语
英语中还有些词语虽然可以正面来译，但译出来却很勉强，难以达到确切、通顺、简洁的效果，这种情况下可以考虑采用反译法处理。
5.2.1以否定译肯定：
例10 APEC will have to be non-discriminatory and it will have to seek to be open rather than closed in its approach.
译文：亚太经济合作组织必须一视同仁，并且态度上必须是开放的而非封闭的。
例11 Since this pricing strategy (pricing below competitors) reduces the profit margin per sale, a firm needs to reduce its costs and locate the business in an inexpensive location or facility.
译文：由于这种定价策略（定价低于竞争对手）降低了每次销售的利润，公司需要将企业设在开销较低的地点或场所。
5.2.2以肯定译否定：
例12 By the early 1990, it will be a highly electronic information-intensive society, blurring the division between home and service.
译文：到20世纪90年代初，这个社会将成为一个高度电子化和信息密集型的社会。那时在家办公和在外办公的差别就不那么明显了。
例13 But even though Japan now has a larger surplus with the region than with either the US or Europe, Asia is likely to receive less attention.
译文：不过，即使日本对亚洲地区的贸易顺差比美国或欧洲大，但该地区仍可能是不大引人注意的地区。
例14 The managing director doubted the desirability of a negotiation to be held at this time.
译文：总经理认为此时举行谈判并无必要。
例15 Developed countries are still in the grip of recession and a developing nation may face retaliation.
译文：发达国家目前仍未摆脱经济衰退，因此发展中国家可能会面临报复。
例16 An investment in money market fund has tied up the money until end of the term of the in vestment.
译文：投资于货币市场基金的资金到投资期满之前是不能动用的。
从采用反译法处理词语翻译的两种情况看，第一种情况比较简单。这是因为归入这一类中的词语基本上已有固定表达法，无论以肯定译否定，还是以否定译肯定，大都可在词典上找到相应译法，因此翻译时只要勤查词典问题并不难解决。第二种情况相对要复杂些，因为归入这一类中的词语大都在词典中找不到现成答案，其中否定译肯定要比肯定译否定更难，需要在准确理解的基础上加以引申，如例12句中“blur the division”（模糊界线）引申为“差别不明显”，例14句中“doubt the desirability”（怀疑……必要性）引申为“认为……不必要”。例16句中“tie up the money”（冻结资金）引申为“资金不能动用”等都属于这种情况。因此处理这类词语时，除了借助于词典搞清楚词的基本含义外，很大程度上要依靠上下文来改换说法。
再有一点需要说明的是，在处理词语翻译时，除了上述两种情况有必要采用反译法处理外，大多数情况下，采用正译还是反译完全根据个人的行文习惯和爱好来决定，如本节开头的例句，采用正译和反译同样正确、可行。但有时候正译与反译在语气上可能有些细微的差别，如：
例17 The price is not unacceptable. 译文：此价并非不可以接受。
【比较】此价可以接受。
前者表达的语气比后者弱。
例18 It will not be impossible for us to sell another cargo of Crude Oil to you in the second half of this year.
译文：我们在今年下半年再供贵方一船原油并不是不可能的事。
【比较】我们在今年下半年有可能再供贵方一船原油。
前者表达的语气较后者更委婉，所含可能性更小些。这一点我们在运用反译法时也应该注意。
Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
⑴The leakage was attributed to the sellers’ failure to effect shipment according to the packing terms as stipulated in the contract.
⑵A lack of awareness of cultural differences or local customs can create selling problems.
⑶We very much regret that the current general slackness of the market has prevented us from placing new orders with you.
⑷In going-rate pricing, the company bases its prices largely in competitors’ prices, with less attention paid to cost or demand considerations.
⑸So far, experts have had about the same degree of success as stock-market forecasters, which is to say they do badly.
⑹t is not uncommon to find that a firm literally has lost its entire operating profit for the year in exchange losses.
⑺We shall be thankful to you if you can offer us your prime interest rate.
6 词类转换
词类转译是翻译中经常用的技巧，英语和汉语的结构是有很大区别的，在外贸英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词的对译，有些句子则由于汉英两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能一对一的方法来逐词对译，如果死抠原词的词性，那么译文难免有时显得生硬，甚至引起误解。在忠实原文的前提下，原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使英语译文通顺自然，就外贸英语而言，词类转译的情况归纳起来有以下四种：
6.1转译为动词
英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只有一个谓语，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、形容词和副词）。在汉译是往往可以转译成动词。
6.1.1名词转译成动词
英语和汉语的一个显著差异在于英语呈静态，汉语成动态，英语少用动词，多用名词等其它词性，汉语多用动词，在外贸英语中，名词在翻译中常常译成动词，
例1 In the event of premature termination of this contract the Contract Appendices shall like wise terminate.
译文：如果合同提前终止，各合同附件也随之终止。(这里的termination 译成汉语动词“终止”)
例2 The buyer is required to sign and return one copy of this Sales Confirmation immediately after receipt of the same.
译文：买方于收到销售确认书后立即签名并返还一份。(“receipt”译成汉语动词“收到”)
例3 It’s our great honor that talented people can come.
译文：各位优秀人士莅临本公司，我们深感荣幸。（“honor”译成“深感荣幸”）
例4 In view of the insignificant volume of business between our two banks, we consider that it is premature to open a US dollar account with you.
译文：鉴于我们两行之间的业务量不大，我们认为在贵行开列美元账户的条件尚未成熟。（“premature”译成“尚未成熟”）
例5 Payers usually delay payment or acceptance of bills until the arrival and unloading of the goods.
译文：付款人通常要等到货物到达并卸下以后才付款或者承兑汇票。（“payment or acceptance”译成“付款或者承兑”）
6.1.2介词转译成动词
外贸英语中介词的使用范围也非常广泛，因此，在汉英互译过程中，汉语的很多动词可转译为英语的介词或介词短语，而英语中的一些介词也相应地译成汉语的动词或动词词组，在商务英语有大量介词使用，如：at sight (见票即付)，above quote （超过配额）等，above译成了动词的“超过”。又如：
例6 We would like to inform you that hardware products fall within the scope of business activities of ABC Corporation, to which we have already forwarded your inquiry for attention.
译文：兹告你方，中国五金产品 属ABC公司经营范围，我方将你方询价函件交其办理
在上例句中没有使用conduct, handle , deal with 之类的词语，而使用介词短语for attention来表达动词含义。
例7 We are in the market for electric saw.
译文：我们销售电话的电锯。（这里“in the market”来表达动词含义“销售”）
例8 Customer may be told that the store is out of the product or it isn’t any good.
译文：顾客可能被告知这种商品已经售完或根本不值得一买。(这里介词“ out of ”汉译为“售完”)
6.1.3形容词转译为动词
英语中有不少形容词是由动词加后缀构成的,即所谓动词的同源形容词.如"reckon- reckonable. create-creative.等这些形容词,特别是表示心理状态或精神的形容词在系动词后面作表语时，往往可以转译为动词，如：confident , certain , ignorant , afraid , aware , concerned , glad , sorry , delighted , thankful , anxious等。
例9 He is utterly ignorant of the US, how can we expect him to enlarge the market for our product there?
译文：他对美国情况一无所知,怎么能指望他去扩大我们产品在那里的销路呢?
(这里"ignorant"汉译成动词"一无所知")
例10 The home office was to totally unaware of the sales push and no plans to ship the product,
译文：总公司根本不知道这项促销活动,因而没有装运该产品的计划。(这里"unaware"汉译成动词"不知道"。)
例11 We are sorry, however, that our tinned fruit products are in great demand at the moment.
译文：然而，我们感到遗憾的是，目前对我们罐装水果产品需求甚殷。
(“sorry ” 这里转译为动词“遗憾的是”)。
此外,现在分词与系动词连用时也往往转译为汉语动词。
例12 This sort of beverage is refreshing and nourishing.
译文：这种饮料提神,养人。(这里" refreshing"和 "nourishing转译为动词"提神,养人"。)
6.1.4副词转译成动词
外贸英语中副词的使用也比较频繁，在商务英语翻译中，有些英语副词可以译成汉语的动词。
例13 Unfortunately , in common with other suppliers ，our prices have risen sine you placed an order with us two years ago.
译文：不幸的是，和其他的供应商一样，自从你2年前向我们订购后，我们的价格已经上涨。
(这里“unfortunately”转译为动词“不幸的是”)。
例14 Frankly, we have no commodity in our stock.译文：坦白地说，我公司没有仓存商品。 (这里“Frankly,”转译为动词“坦白地说”)
6.2转译成名词
汉语表达中动词多，而英语名词多，因此，英译汉时把英语名词及其词组译成汉语动词，可使译文更为简洁、紧凑。英语使用名词表达汉语中动词的动作概念，还排除了汉语多用人称作主语造成的遗留，语句意义因而更加含蓄。
6.2.1动词转化为名词
在翻译过程中有如下两种情况可以考虑将英语转译为名词.
(1)由于表达方式的不同,英语中有些动词如"aim at ,behave, impress, target"等,在汉语中往往找不到对应动词,因而汉译时要转换成名词来表达。
例15 However, the negotiation which were begun in London in 1994 and aimed at setting up a world trade organization failed because the US held that they were in conflict with it’s domestic law .
译文：然而,1946年开始在伦敦举行的谈判,目标在于建立一个世界性的贸易组织,但是却未取得成功,因为美国认为这些谈判与其国内法律相抵触。(此句中“aim at”转换为名词“目标在于”)
例16 Our product is characterized by flexibility and durability.
译文：我方产品特点就是使用灵活、经久耐用。（这里 "characterized"汉译为名词"特点"）
(2)英语还有一些动词,虽然可以用对应的汉语动词直接翻译,但转换为名词来译可能更易于行文,而且比用动词更具有强调意味。
例17 For the last 25 years the US Federal Government has spent more than it had taken in.
译文：过去25年中,美国联邦政府的支出大于收入。(句中“spent”“ taken in”分别译成名词“支出”“收入”)
例18 Even today the American dollar is technically "backed” by the store of gold which the US government maintains.
译文：甚至今日,美元从技术角度上讲是一美国政府拥有的黄金为"后盾的"。（backed 也可译成动词“支持”。）
6.2.2形容词转化为名词
在外贸英语翻译过程中，有些英语形容词可以译成汉语名词。
例19 We think that television is different from radio in that it sends and receives a picture.
译文：我们认为，电视和无线电的区别在于电视发送和接收的是图像。(“different”在原文中是形容词，翻译成汉语时变成名词)
例20 At a constant price, the supply of commodity is positively proportional to its profit.
译文：价格不变，刚一类商品的供应数量与其所获利润成正比例。(“proportional”在原文中是形容词，翻译成汉语时变成名词。)
例21 After a few months, our just-in-time system became so efficient.
译文：几个月后，我们的“准时供货”的方法变得很有成效。(“efficient”在原文中是形容词，翻译成汉语时变成名词。)
6.2.3副词转化为名词
有些外贸英语副词可翻译成中文的名词。
例22 However，in view of our long and mutually beneficial relationship.
译文：但鉴于贵我双方长期互惠关系。(这里”mutually”译成“双方”)
例23 This is currently a particularly serious problem for us in view of the difficult economic climate.
译文：在目前经济气候不佳和利率高升环境下。(在这里”currently”译成汉语名词“目前”。)
例24 Actually, it isn’t, we would like a free sample and some booklet.
译文：事实并非如此，我们想得到一些免费的样品和一些小册子。(这里”actually”译成汉语名词“事实”。)
6.3转译成形容词
6.3.1副词转译成形容词
例25 You’ll be impressed by their practical and beautiful design, and more important of all the surprisingly reasonable prices.
译文：您会对它们实用而又漂亮的设计留下深刻印像，而更重要的是令人惊诧的合理价格。(surprisingly”译成形容词“令人惊诧的”)
例26 Our prices will compare very favorably with those of any of our competitors.
译文：我们公司的价格比较便宜。(这里“favorably”译杨形容词“便宜”)
6.3.2名词转化为形容词
英语名词组转译为形容词主要用语处理下面两种情况:
一是英语中表示种类、数量的名词组.如:例:"kind of ,sort of , majority of ,part of "等,翻译时可转为"的"结构,这种结构在汉语中可视为是一种形容词结构。
例27 Maintenance of equipment forms a port of the shop’s business.
译文：该商店的一部分业务是设备维修。（这里"a port of "汉译成"一部分"。）
例28 We talked for sometime with the manager of ABC Company and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.
译文：我方同ABC公司的总经理谈了一会，他提出的问题反映出你有很大的怀疑。（“enormity”译成形容词“很大的”。）
例29 From the enclosed price list you will see that we have a good variety of ladies' gloves.
译文：从附上的价目单上,贵公司可以看到我们有各式各样的女装手套。（“variety”译成“各式各样的”。）
上述例句中的转译较为简单，一般凭借语感就可以完成。这里需要注意，一是转译为汉语形容词时不一定非加“的”不可，许多情况下可以省略；二是这类表示种类、数量的名词组视情况可以转译，也可以不转译。如例27句中可译作“一部分业务”，也可译作“业务的一部分”；另外，一些抽象名词（组）用于说明主语或逻辑主语的性质或特征的，翻译时也可转译为形容词。
例30 Marketing research is an absolute necessity in business.
译文：市场调研对经商来说是绝对必要的。（这里" absolute ”汉译成"必要的"）
例31 The admitted the feasibility of our proposal.
译文：他们承认我们的建议是可取的。（这里"feasibility ”汉译成"可取的"）
例32 We noticed a very close agreement between us on the price.
译文：我们注意到双方在价格问题上的看法非常一致。（这里" agreement”汉译成"一致的"）；
33 The bank is justified in dishonoring a cheque for insufficiency (inadequacy, shortage, shortfall) of funds in his customer's account.
译文：因为客户账户上的资金（寸头）不足，银行拒付支票款项是合法的。（这里" insufficiency”汉译成"不足"）
6.4转换为副词
6.4.1英语名词转译为中文副词
英语名词转译为中文副词，多用于处理不定式短语修饰的名词词组。翻译时可按照汉语行文习惯将名词转译为副词，以修饰后面的不定式动词。
例34 If you give us the agency, we should spare no effort to further your trading interests in America.
译文：如果贵方授予我方代理权，我们将不遗余力地扩大贵公司在美国的贸易利益。
例35 The United States was unhappy with slowness of Japan to advance free trade.
译文：美国对日本慢吞吞地推进自由贸易进程感到不满。（这里"slowness ”汉译成"慢吞吞地"）
6.4.2英语形容词转译为中文副词
许多形容词修饰名词结构的英语句子，翻译时经常把名词转译成中文的动词，进而把形容词转译成中文的副词。
例36 We have made a careful investigation of the damaged goods sent to our warehouse last weekend.
译文：我方仔细调查了上周末送达我方仓库的破损物品。（这里" careful”汉译成副词"仔细"。）
例37 A continuous increase in the trade volume of exports has led to a shortage of production.
译文：外贸出口量持续增加导致生产不足。（这里" continuous”汉译成副词"持续"）
Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
⑴The mode of transport to the point of delivery is at the buyer's discretion.
⑵The buyer is responsible for the following costs and charges in the sale and transport of goods.
⑶The seller will make every effort to commence transport of the goods so that they will arrive by the delivery date.
⑷The buyer is entitled to inspect, or to have its agent inspect, the goods at the seller's place of business.
⑸ Please note that your acceptance to the offer is subject to the conditions printed on the reverse of the letter.
⑹The delivery will be made within 90 days of our receipt of your order, unless we otherwise inform you.
⑺If the buyer believes that any goods delivered are defective, the buyer will return the goods to the seller.
⑻The parties acknowledge that they intend to establish a mutually beneficial relationship, to this end, they will strive to resolve the disputes through amicable negotiation.
⑼ No alternation, deletion, or addition to these conditions will have any effect unless the seller accepts the change in writing.
⑽The manufacturer agreed to manufacture and reserve a quantity of goods sufficient for the sale representative to sell.
⑾ The L／C would remain valid until November 15．
⑿You are kindly requested to“accept ” this draft by signing on the back
⒀If you find our-terms and conditions acceptable- please cable us your order for our confirmation．
⒁Extremely keen competition between European and Japanese chemical manufacture in the plastic business has compelled us to bring down the price for the time being．
⒂The actual weight of this consignment is 15 tons less than the invoiced weight．
⒃ You may rest assured of our immediate attention to your order．
⒄We find difficulty in entertaining your claim
7数字翻译
外贸英语翻译过程中，我们会经常遇到有关数字翻译。在数字表达方面，由于英汉两种语言存在的差异，因而在翻译时需谨慎从事，稍有疏忽就会出错。
7.1英语表达倍数增减的方式及翻译
①.用“ N times + 比较级形容词＋ than… ”结构表示。
例1 Your office is three times larger than mine.
译文：你的办公室面积比我的大两倍。 (你的 …… 是我的三倍 )
例2 Firm A's business volume is twice bigger than firm B's.
译文：甲公司的业务量比乙公司的大一倍。（甲的是乙的两倍）
例3 Their operational cost is twice lower this year than last year.
译文：他们今年的营运成本比去年下降了一半。 (…… 是去年的二分之一）
②用含有增减意义的动词 increase/decrease, clime/fall, go up/decline…+ by N–fold; decrease, fall, decline…+by/to 表示。
例4 The factory was ordered to cut spindles to one-third. (by two- thirds)
译文：这家纺纱厂被责令把纱锭压缩到三分之一。（减少三分之二）
例5 During this period the greening area increased by two-fold.
译文：这期间绿化面积扩大了一倍。
例6 From 1999 to 2003, the per capita net income of farmers rose by six fold, at an average annual rate of 13.4 per cent.
译文：从１９99年到2003年，农民的人均收入以年均百分之十三点四的速度增长了六倍。
在表示增加多少倍，尤其是百分之几十，有的用by，有的则不用，在增加／增长百分之几的情况下，不用的例子很多。
例7 The United States' unemployment rate dropped 1.3 percentage points during the year.
译文：美国当年的失业率下降了１.３个百分点。
例8 Kunming Machine Tool was the best performer of the day, rising 27.5 cents or 13per cent per share.
译文：昆明机床（股票）这几天的交易最好，每股上涨２７.５美分或着说百分之十三。
例9 Among china's major foreign trade partners, the mainland's exports to Hong Kong and Macao increased 63.0 per cent over November 1993 to 3.41 billion Yuan.
译文：在中国的主要贸易伙伴当中，大陆多香港和澳门的出口１９９３年１１月增长了百分之六十三，达到３４.１亿元。
③“N+times + as + + as”结构表示同一水平上的比较，N包括基数。
例10 I have spent three times as much time on this set of documents as on the first one.
译文：我所花在这套文件上的时间是第一套的三倍。（甲是乙的三倍）
比较：我所花在这套文件上的时间比第一套多两倍。（甲比乙多两倍）
例11 This building is four times as big as that one.
译文：这座大楼是那座大楼的四倍大。（甲是乙的四倍）
比较：这座大楼比那座大楼大三倍。（甲比乙大三倍）
④使用表示倍数的动词：double, treble/duplicate, triplicate, quadruple, quadruplicate, quintuplicate, sextuplicate, octuplicate。
例12 The output of vegetables in the village was more than doubled last year.
译文：这个村子的蔬菜产量比去年增加了一倍。
例13 The total value of production of the group has quadruplicated on the basis 10 years ago.
译文：和１０年前相比，这个集团公司的总产值翻了两番。
或：这个集团公司的总产值在１０年前的基础上增长了三倍／是１０年前的４倍。
⑤.用“as + 形容词／副词+again+as”表示同一水平上的比较，again指净增加一倍。
例14 The number of our staff is as great again as that of yours.
译文：我们的职工人数比你们多一倍。（是你们的两倍）
例15 He can write as fast again as she does. 译文：他书写的速度比她快一倍。（是她的两倍）
7.2表大概概念的数字及翻译
①表不足，或少于
在外贸英语中常用under, below, less than, no more than, at most, at the very most, as few as等来表示不足，或少于。
例16 This lot of goods was shipped in less than six days.译文：这批货物不到六天就装运完毕。
②表超过，以上
在商务英语中常用over, above, more than, not less than, at least, and over etc.表超过。
例17 After paying all expenses I had cleared over two hundred dollars.
译文：把所有的费用付清之后我净赚两百多美元。
例18 There eighty and more people in our company.译文：我们公司有80多人。
7.3表数量的常见习惯短语翻译
在外贸英语表达中有时会遇到一些含有数字习惯短语，这些短语翻译不能想当然，没有把握，最好查词典。
例19 Ten to one,we will overfulfill our production plan for this quarter.
译文：十之八九，我们将超额完成本季度生产计划。
例20 The investigation into the damaged goods was done by halves.
译文：对受损货物的调查不彻底。
例21 Our products are second to none in quality with a low price.
译文：我方产品质量首屈一指，价廉物美。
例22 Can you come down a little? --Sorry, it's one price for all.
译文：你能便宜一点卖吗？对不起，不二价.
Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
⑴The popular film can gross five million pounds.
⑵He has $2,400 in the Bank, exclusive of the interest.
⑶The exhibits totaled 3,500 pcs.
⑷The export volume of this year increased to 560,000 yards.
⑸They raised their daily output from 700 tons to more than 900.
⑹The import volume of this country fell to under 3 million dollars a year.
⑺The price of silk has dropped from twenty to sixteen yuan per kilogram.
⑻This super market has an average of 60,000 customers a week.
⑼His income is $9,000 above the national mean.
⑽The mean income of families in that country is over $35,000 a year.
⑾The price is US$ 50 per set, CIF New York with a commission of five percent for you.
⑿We are one of the largest textile exporters in our country. We have handled this commodity for more than 30 years and have connections all over the world.
⒀ It is in view of our long-term business cooperation that we limit the increase to 20 %.
⒁A 3 % discount is the best we can offer, because the prices of raw materials have gone up lately.
⒂In order to encourage future business and as a gesture of friendship, we are prepared to make this an exception by reducing our price by 5%.
⒃With an eye to our future business, we’ll stretch a point this time. We’ll allow you 3 percent commission. That’s the top ra
