各位译员早上好,之前译博为大家分享了很多翻译技巧与方法的文章,是否为大家的翻译提供了便利呢?今天同样与大家一同分享外贸领域英中的翻译介绍和不同文体的技巧。 第一章 外贸英译中简介 1 外贸英语特点 外贸英语(Foreign trade English),确切的说是针各位译员早上好,之前译博为大家分享了很多翻译技巧与方法的文章,是否为大家的翻译提供了便利呢?今天同样与大家一同分享外贸领域英中的翻译介绍和不同文体的技巧。
第一章 外贸英译中简介
1 外贸英语特点
外贸英语(Foreign trade English),确切的说是针对外贸行业的英语。外贸英语源于普通英语,并以此为基础,完全具有普通英语的语言特征,但同时它又是外贸知识和普通英语的综合体,因而具有其内在的独特性,主要集中以下几个方面:
1.1语言正式、精炼,用词严谨、正规,词意准确
外贸英语所用语言比较正规,常有一定的格式和套话。请看下面几个例子:
例1 Your early reply to our specific inquiry will be highly appreciated.
译文:如蒙早日答复我方的具体询价,将不胜感激。
这是外贸应用文中询价函电中常用的句型之一。名词短语your early reply要比if you can reply early正式精练得多,而被动语态will be highly appreciated也是很正式的用语。
例2 Upon first presentation the buyer shall pay against document draft drawn by the seller at sight.The shipping documents are to be delivered against payment only.
译文:买方凭卖方开具的即期跟单汇票,于第一次见票时立即付款,付款后交单。
这是外贸合同中有关即期付款交单的托收条款。upon常用在合同、法律文书中表示“在……后立即,在…….的时候”,如:upon examination⋯ 经审查后…….。
例3 We make you the following offer subject to your reply reaching us not later than noon time December23.
译文:现报盘如下,此盘以贵公司12月23日中午前复到为有效。
offer意思是“报盘(包括货名、规格、数量、价格、船期及答复期限等)”,subject to “以……为条件(为准)”,如subject to your immediate acceptance以你方立即接受为条件。
1.2内容缜密、周到,结构复杂、意思完整
由于涉及到双方或几方面的利益,外贸合同所给的定义、条款和内容必须精确。为了做到准确无误,不产生任何差异,用英语拟订、书写这些合同时,除用词恰当外,还会用许多从句、短语用来修饰或限定其内容,因此结构复杂、句子冗长,有时甚至显得有点臃肿。
例4 Inspection:It is mutually agreed that the Certificate of quality and quantity or weight issued by the manufacturer shall be part of the documents for payment under relevant L/C.However,the inspection of quality and quantity or weight shall be made in accordance with the following:⋯ 译文:商品检验:双方同意以制造厂出具的品质及数量或重量证明书作为有关信用证项目下付款的单据之一。但是,货物的品质及数量重量检验应按下列规定办理:……。
句子中that the Certificate of quality and quantity or weight issued by the manufacturer shall be part of the documents for payment under relevant L/C.是主语从句,it是形式主语,It is mutually agreed用的是被动语态,意思相当于Both parties agreed……,但前者比后者要正式。
……issued by the manufacturer是一个过去分词短语,用来修饰the Certificate of quality and quantity or weight。
1.3被动语态、祈使句、非谓语动词和情态动词的广泛运用
为了做到语言简洁、内容表达客观公正和有关事项描述的准确无误,在外贸英语的使用中常出现大量的被动语态、祈使句、非谓语动词、情态动词以及各种从句。
例5 In case the contract is concluded on CIF basis,the insurance shall be efected by the Seller for 110% of invoice value covering all risks,war risk,S.R.C.C.risks (i,e.Strike,Riot,and Civil Commotions).
译文:在到岸价基础上订立的合同,将由卖方按发票金额110%投保综合险、战争险,罢工险、暴乱险和民变险。
这是一份外贸合同中有关保险的内容,句子中用了被动语态(is concluded,shall be effected)、非谓语动词(covering all risks⋯ )、情态动词(shal1),另外还用了in case引导的条件句。
例6 All disputes arising from the execution of,or in connection with,this contract shall be settled amicably through friendly negotiation.In case no settlement can be reached through negotiation,the case shall then be submitted for arbitration.The location of arbitration shall be in the country where the defendant has his domicile.
译文:凡因执行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关的一切争议,双方应通过友好协商解决。协商不能解决的应提交仲裁,仲裁地点为被告户籍所在地。
这是一份合同中有关仲裁的内容,句子中用了被动语态(shall be settled,shall then be submitted)、非谓语动词(arising from the execution of...)和三个情态动词(sha11)。
例7 Washing:Soak the clothes in warm water below 30°C for a while before you brush them slightly.Dry by airing after squeezing the water out.Avoid dry cleaning,machine cleaning and drying in the sun.Don’t wring out.No coloring.
译文:洗涤:将衣服投入30°C以下温水浸透后取出,摊平后轻刷,渍水过净后挤压出水分晾干,不可拧干,不可干洗,不可机洗,不可暴晒,不准染色。
这个使用说明书中用了许多祈使句(soak the clothes……,Dry by airing……,Avoid dry cleaning…….Don’t wring out.No coloring.)、非谓语动词(by airing,after squeezing)来表达一系列的命令和注意事项。
2 外贸英译汉翻译标准
2.1准确
“准确”是指译文所传达的信息与原文传达的信息保持一致,准确无误。译文要准确,就必须准确理解原文的含义,熟悉有关外贸术语,了解有关外贸的专业知识。
例8 This contract is made in two originals in both English and Chinese,each party holding one. In case of any discrepancy between the two versions,the Chinese version shall prevail.
分析:prevail为动词,不能据字面译为:“胜过,流行,成功,占优势”。在透彻理解整段话之后,应该是“以中文本为准”。
全句的正确翻译是:“本合同以中英文同时书就,一式两份,双方各执一份。两种文本如有歧异,以中文本为准。
例9 Since World War II the US has been the world’s largest economy and,in most years,the world’s largest exporter.
译文:自从第二次世界大战以来,美国一直是世界上最大的经济大国。在大多数年代中,它又是世界上最大的出口国。
这个句子里“economy”的本意是“经济”,根据上下文的意思,此处的意思是“从经济角度看这个国家”,这里翻译成“经济大国”。
2.2地道
译文地道有两层含义,一是指译文要符合译语汉语的表达习惯,翻译不要受英语表达约束,即译文不成为英文式中文,二是指译文要符合行业表达习惯,读起来像是内行的人写成的文章,其中的术语、表达等都应该符合外贸文体的要求。这要求我们熟练掌握外贸文体的特点,采用文体等值的翻译方法。
例10 Kindly tell us what steps you a going to take in the way of compensation for the damage.
译文:敬请告诉我方将以什么方式来补偿这次损失。
这是外贸函电常用语,“Kindly tell us….. ”使得说话的语气显得十分客气,翻译成中文 “友好地告诉我方”就没有 “敬请告诉我方”地道。
例11 Any claim by the Buyers regarding the goods shipped shall be filed within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination specified in the relative Bill of Lading and supported by a survey report issued by surveyor approved by the seller.
译文:买方对于装运货物的任何索赔,必须于货到提单规定之目的地15天内提出,并须提供经卖方同意的公证机构出具的检验报告。
这里claim译为“索赔”,短语Bill of Lading 译为“提单”就是行话。
例12 The shipping documents for the consignment are now with us and we shall be glad if you will arrange to collect them.
原译:货运单据现在我行,请安排前来领取。
其中“collect”译成“领取”不妥,在外贸英语里面应该译成“赎单”,才地道。
改译:货运单据现在我行,请安排前来赎单。
2.3统一
统一是指在外贸英语翻译过程中所采用的“译名、概念、术语等在任何时候都应该保持统一”。世界著名的公司企业名称如“Dell”(戴尔),“Microsoft”(微软),在翻译时不能随心所欲,译成“德尔”“迈克罗索夫特”之类。尤其是遇到外贸方面的术语,更应要遵循统一原则。
例13 After we have checked the L/C carefully, we request you to make the following amendment: “Partial Shipment and Transshipment Allowed.”
原译:经过仔细核对信用证,兹要求贵方作如下修改:“允许部分转运和转船。”
其中“Partial Shipment”应该译成“分批”。
改译:经过仔细核对信用证,兹要求贵方作如下修改:“允许分批和转船。”
例14 Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where the insured has to supply an overseas importer under an exclusive sales agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad.
原译:
漂浮政策对出口贸易至关重要。它实际上是货物保险中的一种便利的方法,特别适合于分不同的时间出口的一批类似货物,如当被保险方根据独家代理协议书向国外的进口方供货,或在国外委任了销售代表,设立分支机构时用之。
floating policy指用以承保多批次货运的一种持续性长期保险凭证,是保险常用语,统一译为“统保单”。
改译:统保单对出口贸易至关重要。它实际上是货物保险中的一种便利的方法,特别适合于分不同的时间出口的一批类似货物,如当被保险方根据独家代理协议书向国外的进口方供货,或在国外委任了销售代表,设立分支机构时用之。
3 外贸英译汉过程
一般而言,任何翻译都要经过理解、表达、复核这三个阶段,外贸英译汉也不例外。
3.1理解阶段
外贸英译汉过程中,理解是第一位的,是关键所在。
3.1.1词语的理解
在外贸英译汉过程中,我们应该通过上下文探求词语的正确译法,多留意常用词语,小心掉进常用意义的陷阱中,不要对某些词的确切含义或特殊用法缺乏必要的了解而发生错译。
例15 We'd like to inform you that our counter sample will be sent to you by express. By the end of this week and please confirm it ASAP so that we can start our mass production. Payment will be made by100% confirmed, irrevocable Letter of Credit available by sight draft。
译文: 很高兴通知您,我们的回样将于本周末用特快专递给您,请尽快确认,以便我们开始大批生产。付款方式为100%即期、保兑、不可撤消信用证。
在第一个句子中,confirm的意思是“确认”。在第二个句子中,confirmed L/C为“保兑信用证”,即指一家银行所开的由另一家银行保证兑付的一种银行信用证。
例16 ①Part time barman required.Hours and salary negotiable.
②This Bill of Lading is issued in a negotiable form, so it shall constitute title to the goods and the holder, by endorsement of this B/L.
译文:
①招聘兼职酒店保安,工作时间和薪水面议。
②所签发的提单可商议的,故只要在提单上背书, 便确定了货物和持票人的所有权。
在第一句话中,negotiable 的意思是“可商议的”,在第二句话中的意思则是“可转让的”,“可转让提单”经过背书后即可将所有权转让给他人。
3.1.2短语理解
外贸英文材料当中少不了短语,短语的含义丰富,在翻译时不能想当然,一定要结合外贸语境。
例17 Assuming the laboratory tests go well, and you can报价具有竞争力 quote us a competitive price, we'd certainly be able to place more substantial orders on a regular basis.
译文:若实验室检测合格,且你们给我们的报价具有竞争力,我们一定会定期大量定货的。(如果把 go well 译成“进展顺利”,就没有那么好。)
3.1.3结构理解
在外贸英译汉过程中不可避免的会碰到一些句子结构的理解,理解不好,就会失之毫厘差之千里。
例18 Mr.Smith said,“We don’t do business just for making money.”
错误译文“我们不做生意,是为了赚钱。”
正确译法:“我们做生意,不只是为了赚钱。”
该句否定不是对谓语动词的否定而是对状语的否定,句子结构理解不当而导致误译。
例19 The lowest price may lead to the failure of business caused by inferior quality of the products.
错误译文:最低的价格也可能导致因产品质量低劣,成交失败。
正确译法:即使最低的价格也会因为产品质量低劣而无法成交。
这句也是因为句子结构没有正确把握而导致误译。
3.2表达阶段
表达是理解后能否保证译文成功的又一重要关键步骤,是理解的深化和体现。在这一过程中,译者要注意恰到好处地再现原文的思想内容,使译文既忠实于原作又符合译入语的语法和表达习惯。要做到这一点,译者就必须在选词用字、组词成句、组句成篇上下工夫,在技巧运用上下工夫。在译文语言条件许可的情况下,译文即保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥于原文的形式。
例20 Textile finishes have in general become a "no-no" in today's market place, thanks to many reasons, says a representative of fiber producer.
误译:
一位纤维厂家代表说,纺织物整理剂在今天的市场上已经到无人问津的地步,是由于许多原因。
此句表达不同于汉语先因后果的思维方式,需要进行倒译。
改译:
一位纤维厂家代表说,由于许多原因,纺织物整理剂在今天的市场上已经到无人问津的地步。
例21 We shall appreciate any help you can give Mr. Jones and will always be happy to reciprocate.
我们将感激你给与琼斯先生的任何帮助,并且总是很高兴报答。
这个句子的译文死抠原文形式,死抠字典释义,翻译腔严重,让人难以明白其意思,可改译为:谨希帮助,不甚感激。
例22 (Currently we, working with 27 enterprises) and every year we are adding between ten and twenty investments to our client list
译文:(目前,我公司正与27家企业进行合作,)而每年都有10个至20个新的公司加入到我们的客户名单上。
显然,“加入到我们的客户名单上”与原文的"adding...to our client list”是逐字对应式的硬译。更为地道的汉语翻译应该是(我公司)“每年都增加10至20个新客户”。
例23 Global Capital,formed in 1997,is a specialist in financing high-growth, high-tech companies.
译文:成立于1997年的环球资本公司,是高增长、高科技公司融资领域的专家。
若将译文的主干抽出来,便是“公司是⋯⋯专家”,这样的表达在汉语中显然不通。实际上,更为自然的汉语翻译应是“环球资本公司成立于1997年,是一家专门为高增长、高科技公司提供融资服务的公司”。
3.3复核阶段:
按照翻译标准,对文章的复核,是一个十分重要的环节。所选用词、语、短语、句、是否表达原文内容、是否符合汉语表达习惯,尽力使语言尽善尽美。
复核阶段一般应特别注意以下几点:
① 复核译文在人命、地名、日期、方位、数字等方面有无错漏,尤其是数字,翻译不当,会给公司带来巨大损失;
② 复核译文的段、句、或重要的词有无错漏;
例24 Without prejudice to any rights which exist under the applicable laws or under the Subcontract,the Contractor shall be entitled to withhold or defer payment of all or part of any sums otherwise due by the Contractor to the Subcontractor.
原译:承包商根据适当的法律或分包合同在对拥有的任何权利不带成见的条件下,应该有权扣留或暂缓支付在不同情况下应由承包商支付给分包商的任何全部或部分金额。
上例中的“prejudice”一词本身有“成见”、“损害”之义,而该句中的“Without prejudice to”则表示“不使合法权益受损害”,这一短语在合同中经常出现。
改译:承包商根据适当的法律或分包合同在对拥有的任何权利不受损害的条件下,应该有权扣留或暂缓支付在不同情况下应由承包商支付给分包商的任何全部或部分金额。
例25 We are happy to consider investment at any development stage from seed through start up and introduction to the market to initial public offering.
原译:对于处在任何一个初期发展阶段的公司,不论是在刚刚起步,还是即将上市,我们都乐意给予考虑。
原文谈到公司发展初期的三个阶段:from seed through start up and introduction to the market;译文却只有两个阶段“不论是在刚刚起步,还是即将上市”,漏译了“筹办阶段”( seed) .
改译:对于处在任何一个初期发展阶段的公司,不论是筹办阶段,起步阶段,还是即将上市,我们都乐意给予考虑投资。
③通常必须复核两遍,第一遍着重符合内容,第二遍着重润饰文字。如果时间允许,再把校核两遍的译文对照原文通读一遍,做最后一次的检查、修改,务使所有问题都得到解决,译文才算是定稿。
一、Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese and pay attention to the meaning of the word underlined in each sentence.
⑴①We'd like to inform you that our counter sample will be sent to you by DHL.By the end of this week and please confirm it ASAP so that we can start our mass production.
②Payment will be made by100% confirmed, irrevocable Letter of Credit available by sight draft。
⑵①You may get a 5% discount if your order is on a regular basis.
②If a seller extends credit to a time draft, they have made a trade acceptance.The seller can request that the bank finance the transaction by buying the draft.The bank is said to discount the draft.
⑶①Our products have been endorsed by the National Quality Inspection Association.
②Draft must be accompanied by full set original on board marine Bill of Lading made out to order,endorsed in blank,marked freight prepaid.
⑷①If a particular cargo Is partially damaged,the damage is called particular average.
②It's obvious that the products are below the average quality.
⑸①Under CIF, it is the seller's obligation to tender the relative documents to the buyer to enable him to obtain delivery of the goods, if they arrive, or to recover for the loss, if they are lost on the voyage.
②He became as exhilarated as if his tender for building a mansion had been accepted.
二、Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese.
① We will open an irrevocable L/C in your favor through the First National City Bank,New York,to cover the total CIF value of this order.
② The credit which evidences shipment of 2000 tons of steels may be used against presentation of the shipping documents.
③ We hereby confirm having sold to you the following goods on terms and conditions as set forth below.
④ In order to cover ourselves for this shipment,we have drawn on Chemical Bank,New York by sigh draft for US$10.000 under L/C
⑤ Steadily rising prices over the past few years have been a common experience and our own costs have continued to follow the general trend.
⑥While manufacturing,the traditional engine of economic growth in Britain,continues to play a vital role,recent decades have generally seen a faster growth in the sevices sector,in response to rising living standards.
⑦ The further expansion of your exports on our market will depend on your continued efforts to broaden and diversify your products range into markets where there is real demand.
⑧ Please understand that we did make our utmost in getting supplies from other manufacturers in vain.
⑨Even if according to some way, the party B with the written agreement specially by party A , this kind of use should immediately stop and the cancellation when this agreement expires or the termination.
⑩Termination: both sides of the Agreement should earnestly responsibly carry out each provision. Under the following condition, each side should inform by the written notification to another side terminate this agreement immediately or cancel some part:
文章转自:CONTRACTUS的博客
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