Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights WTO与贸易有关的知识产权协定 《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights缩写 TRIPs)简称《知识产权协定》，是世界贸易组织管Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
WTO与贸易有关的知识产权协定
《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights缩写 TRIPs)简称《知识产权协定》，是世界贸易组织管辖的一项多边贸易协定。《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》有七个部分，共73条。主要条款有：一般规定和基本原则，关于知识产权的效力、范围及使用标准，知识产权的执法，知识产权的获得、维护及相关程序，争端的防止和解决，过渡安排，机构安排、最后条款等。协定的主要内容是：提出和重申了保护知识产权的基本原则，确立了知识产权协定与其他知识产权国际公约的基本关系。
PREAMBLE
PART I General Provisions and Basic Principles第一部分 总则和基本原则
PART II Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope and Use of Intellectual Property Rights
第二部分 关于知识产权的效力、范围及使用的标准
1.Copyright and Related Rights版权及相关权利
2.Trademarks商标
3.Geographical Indications地理标识
4.Industrial Designs工业设计
5.Patents专利
6.Layout-Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits集成电路的布图设计(拓扑图)
7.Protection of Undisclosed Information对未披露信息的保护
8.Control of Anti-Competitive Practices in Contractual Licences
在协议性许可中限制竞争行为的控制
PART III Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights第三部分 知识产权的实施
1.General Obligations一般义务
2.Civil and Administrative Procedures and Remedies民事和行政程序及救济
3.Provisional Measures临时措施
4.Special Requirements Related to Border Measures有关边境措施的特别要求
5.Criminal Procedures刑事程序
PART IV Acquisition and Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights and Related Inter-Partes Procedures第四部分 知识产权的获得和维护及当事人之间的相关程序
PART V Dispute Prevention and Settlement第五部分争端的防止和解决
PART VI Transitional Arrangements第六部分 过渡安排
PART VII Institutional Arrangements; Final Provisions第七部分 机构安排：最后条款
Preamble
Members，各成员，
Desiring to reduce distortions and impediments to international trade，and taking into account the need to promote effective and adequate protection of intellectual property rights，and to ensure that measures and procedures to enforce intellectual property rights do not themselves become barriers to legitimate trade；
Recognizing，to this end，the need for new rules and disciplines concerning：
期望减少国际贸易中的扭曲和阻碍因素，并考虑到需要加强对知识产权实行有效和充分的保护，并确保实施知识产权的措施和程序本身不会成为合法贸易的障碍；
认识到为此目的，有必要制订有关下列问题的新的规则和纪律：
(a) the applicability of the basic principles of GATT 1994 and of relevant international intellectual property agreements or conventions；
1994年关贸总协定的基本原则以及有关国际知识产权协定或公约的适用性；
(b) the provision of adequate standards and principles concerning the availability，scope and use of trade-related intellectual property rights；
就与贸易有关的知识产权的效力、范围和使用，规定适当的标准和规则；
(c) the provision of effective and appropriate means for the enforcement of trade-related intellectual property rights，taking into account differences in national legal systems；
就与贸易有关的知识产权的实施规定有效的和适当的方法，同时考虑各国法律制度的差异，；
(d) the provision of effective and expeditious procedures for the multilateral prevention and settlement of disputes between governments；and
在多边一级防止和解决政府间争端规定有效和迅速的程序；
(e) transitional arrangements aiming at the fullest participation in the results of the negotiations；
旨在最充分地参与谈判结果的过渡安排。
Recognizing the need for a multilateral framework of principles，rules and disciplines dealing with international trade in counterfeit goods；
Recognizing that intellectual property rights are private rights；
Recognizing the underlying public policy objectives of national systems for the protection of intellectual property, including developmental and technological objectives；
Recognizing also the special needs of the least-developed country Members in respect of maximum flexibility in the domestic implementation of laws and regulations in order to enable them to create a sound and viable technological base；
Desiring to establish a mutually supportive relationship between the WTO and the World Intellectual Property Organization (referred to in this Agreement as “WIPO”) as well as other relevant international organizations；
Hereby agree as follows：
认识到需要一个包含原则、规则和纪律的多边框架，以处理冒牌货的国际贸易问题；
认识到知识产权是私有权利；
认识到各国知识产权保护体系最基本的公共政策目标，包括发展目标和技术目标；
还认识到最不发达国家成员在国内实施法律和法规方面特别需要最大灵活性，以便它们能够创造一个良好的和有生命力的技术基础；
强调通过多边程序达成强有力的承诺，以解决与贸易有关的知识产权争议从而减少摩擦的重要性；
期望在世界贸易组织和世界知识产权组织(本协议中简称为“WIPO”)以及其他有关的国际组织之间建立一种相互支持的关系；特此协议如下：
Part I General Provisions and Basic Principles第一部分 总则和基本原则
Article 1 Nature and Scope of Obligations 第1条 义务的性质和范围
1.Members shall give effect to the provisions of this Agreement. Members may，but shall not be obliged to, implement in their law more extensive protection than is required by this Agreement，provided that such protection does not contravene the provisions of this Agreement. Members shall be free to determine the appropriate method of implementing the provisions of this Agreement within their own legal system and practice.
各成员应使本协定的各项规定生效。各成员可以，但不应有义务，在其法律中实施比本协定要求更广泛的保护，只要这种保护不违反本协定的规定。各成员有权在它们自己的法律制度和实践中确定实施本协定规定的适当方法。
2.For the purposes of this Agreement, the term “intellectual property”refers to all categories of intellectual property that are the subject of Sections 1 through 7 of Part II.
就本协定而言,“知识产权”一词系指第二部分第一节至第七节主题的所有类别的知识产权。
3.Members shall accord the treatment provided for in this Agreement to the nationals of other Members.1 (1) In respect of the relevant intellectual property right，the nationals of other Members shall be understood as those natural or legal persons that would meet the criteria for eligibility for protection provided for in the Paris Convention (1967)，the Berne Convention (1971)，the Rome Convention and the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits，were all Members of the WTO members of those conventions. 2(2) Any Member availing itself of the possibilities provided in paragraph 3 of Article 5 or paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Rome Convention shall make a notification as foreseen in those provisions to the Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the “Council for TRIPS”).
各成员应给予其他成员的国民以本协定规定的待遇。1就有关的知识产权而言，其他成员的国民应理解为符合《巴黎公约》(1967)、《伯尔尼公约》(1971)、《罗马公约》和《关于集成电路的知识产权条约》规定的保护资格标准的自然人或法人，如若世界贸易组织的所有成员均为那些公约的成员。2任何利用《罗马条约》第5条第3款和第6条第2款规定的可能性成员，均应按那些条款中所预想的那样，通知与贸易有关的知识产权理事会(“TRIPS理事会”)。
Article 2 Intellectual Property Conventions第2条 知识产权公约
1.In respect of Parts II, III and IV of this Agreement, Members shall comply with Articles 1 through 12，and Article 19，of the Paris Convention (1967).
就本协定的第二、第三和第四部分而言，各成员应遵守《巴黎公约》(1967)第1至12条和第19条。
2.Nothing in Parts I to IV of this Agreement shall derogate from existing obligations that Members may have to each other under the Paris Convention，the Berne Convention，the Rome Convention and the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits.
本协定第一至第四部分的任何规定不应背离各成员可能在《巴黎公约》、《伯尔尼公约》《罗马公约》和《关于集成电路的知识产权条约》项下所相互承担的现有义务。
Article 3 National Treatment第3条 国民待遇
1.Each Member shall accord to the nationals of other Members treatment no less favorable than that it accords to its own nationals with regard to the protection3 of intellectual property，subject to the exceptions already provided in，respectively，the Paris Convention (1967)，the Berne Convention (1971)，the Rome Convention or the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits. In respect of performers，producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations，this obligation only applies in respect of the rights provided under this Agreement. Any Member availing itself of the possibilities provided in Article 6 of the Berne Convention (1971) or paragraph 1(b) of Article 16 of the Rome Convention shall make a notification as foreseen in those provisions to the Council for TRIPS.
在知识产权保护3方面，每个成员给其他成员国民的待遇不应低于它给予本国国民的待遇，除非《巴黎公约》(1967)、《伯尔尼公约》(1971)、《罗马公约》或《关于集成电路的知识产权条约》中已分别有规定的例外情况。对表演者、录音制批制作者和广播组织，该项义务仅适用于本协定规定的权利。任何成员如利用《伯尔尼公约》第6条或《罗马公约》第16条第l款(b)项所规定的权利，均应按那些条款所预想的那样，通知TRIPS理事会。
2.Members may avail themselves of the exceptions permitted under paragraph 1 in relation to judicial and administrative procedures, including the designation of an address for service or the appointment of an agent within the jurisdiction of a Member，only where such exceptions are necessary to secure compliance with laws and regulations which are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement and where such practices are not applied in a manner which would constitute a disguised restriction on trade.
各成员可利用第1款所允许的司法和行政程序方面的例外，包括在一成员管辖范围内指定送达地址或任命代理人，但这些例外是为确保遵守不与本协定规定抵触的法律和规章所需，且实施这种做法不对贸易构成变相限制。
Article 4 Most-Favored-Nation Treatment第4条 最惠国待遇
With regard to the protection of intellectual property，any advantage，favor，privilege or immunity granted by a Member to the nationals of any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the nationals of all other Members. Exempted from this obligation are any advantage，favor，privilege or immunity accorded by a Member：
在知识产权保护方面，一成员给予任何其他成员国民的任何好处、优惠、特权或豁免，应立即无条件地给予所有其他成员的国民。一成员给予的下述好处、优惠、特权或豁免，可免除此义务：
(a) deriving from international agreements on judicial assistance or law enforcement of a general nature and not particularly confined to the protection of intellectual property；
由关于司法协助或一般性质的法律实施的国际协定派生，而不特别限于知识产权保护方面的
(b) granted in accordance with the provisions of the Berne Convention (1971) or the Rome Convention authorizing that the treatment accorded be a function not of national treatment but of the treatment accorded in another country；
根据《伯尔尼公约》(1971)或《罗马公约》规定给予的，它们授权所给予的待遇不是国民待遇性质而是另一国中给予的待遇；
(c) in respect of the rights of performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations not provided under this Agreement；
本协定项下未作规定的有关表演者、录音制品制作者以及广播组织的权利；
(d) deriving from international agreements related to the protection of intellectual property
which entered into force prior to the entry into force of the WTO Agreement，provided that such agreements are notified to the Council for TRIPS and do not constitute an arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination against nationals of other Members.
由《WTO的协议》生效前已生效的有关知识产权保护的国际协定派生的，只要这些协定已通知RIPS理事会，并对其他成员的国民不造成武断或不公正的歧视。
Article 5 Multilateral Agreements on Acquisition or Maintenance of Protection
第5条 关于取得或维护保护的多边协定
The obligations under Articles 3 and 4 do not apply to procedures provided in multilateral agreements concluded under the auspices of WIPO relating to the acquisition or maintenance of intellectual property rights.
第3条和第4条的义务不适用于在WIPO主持下达成的有关取得或维护知识产权的多边协定中规定的程序。
Article 6 Exhaustion第6条 权利用尽
For the purposes of dispute settlement under this Agreement, subject to the provisions of Articles 3 and 4 nothing in this Agreement shall be used to address the issue of the exhaustion of intellectual property rights.
就本协定下的争端解决而言，在遵守第3和第4条规定的前提下，本协定中的任何条款不得用于处理知识产权的权利用尽问题。
Article 7 Objectives第7条 目标
The protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights should contribute to the promotion of technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology，to the mutual advantage of producers and users of technological knowledge and in a manner conducive to social and economic welfare，and to a balance of rights and obligations.
知识产权的保护和实施应有助于促进技术革新和技术转让与传播，有助于技术知识的创造者和使用者互相受益，并有助于社会和经济福利及权利和义务的平衡。
Article 8 Principles第8条 原则
1.Members may，in formulating or amending their laws and regulations, adopt measures necessary to protect public health and nutrition，and to promote the public interest in sectors of vital importance to their socio-economic and technological development， provided that such measures are consistent with the provisions of this Agreement.
在制订或修改其法律和规章时，各成员可采取必要措施来保护公共健康和营养，促进对其社会经济和技术发展至关重要部门的公共利益，只要这些措施符合本协定的规定。
2.Appropriate measures, provided that they are consistent with the provisions of this Agreement，may be needed to prevent the abuse of intellectual property rights by right holders or the resort to practices which unreasonably restrain trade or adversely affect the international transfer of technology.
只要符合本协定的规定，必要时可以采取适当措施来防止知识产权持有人滥用知识产权，或采取不正当地限制贸易或对国际技术转让造成不利影响的做法。
PART II Standards concerning the availability, scope and use of Intellectual Property Rights
第二部分 关于知识产权的效力、范围和使用的标准
SECTION 1: COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS 第1节：版权和相关权利
Article 9 Relation to the Berne Convention 第9条 与《伯尔尼公约》的关系
1.Members shall comply with Articles 1 through 21 of the Berne Convention (1971) and the Appendix thereto. However，Members shall not have rights or obligations under this Agreement in respect of the rights conferred under Article 6bis of that Convention or of the rights derived therefrom.
各成员应遵守《伯尔尼公约》(1971)第1至21条及其附录的规定。然而，各成员对公约第6条之二所给予或派生的权利在本协定下不具有权利和义务。
2.Copyright protection shall extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures，methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such.
版权的保护应该延伸至表述方式，但不延伸至思想、程序、操作方法或数学概念本身。
Article 10 Computer Programs and Compilations of Data第10条 计算机程序和数据汇编
1.Computer programs，whether in source or object code，shall be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention (1971).
计算机程序，无论是源代码还是目标代码，应作为《伯尔尼公约》(1971)项下的文字作品加以保护。
2.Compilations of data or other material，whether in machine readable or other form， which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such. Such protection，which shall not extend to the data or material itself，shall be without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in the data or material itself.
数据汇编或其他资料，无论是以机器可读形式还是其他形式，只要通过对其内容的选取或安排而构成智力创造，就应作为智力创造加以保护。该保护不应延伸至数据或资料本身，并不应损害存在于数据或资料本身的任何版权。
Article 11 Rental Rights第11条 出租权
In respect of at least computer programs and cinematographic works，a Member shall provide authors and their successors in title the right to authorize or to prohibit the commercial rental to the public of originals or copies of their copyright works. A Member shall be excepted from this obligation in respect of cinematographic works unless such rental has led to widespread copying of such works which is materially impairing the exclusive right of reproduction conferred in that Member on authors and their successors in title. In respect of computer programs, this obligation does not apply to rentals where the program itself is not the essential object of the rental.
至少在计算机程序和电影作品方面，一成员应给予作者及其合法继承人许可或禁止向公众商业性出租其享有版权之作品的原件或复制品的权利。一成员对电影作品可不承担此义务，除非这种出租已导致该作品广泛复制，从而实质性地减损该成员给予作者及其合法继承人的专有复制权。在计算机程序方面，如该程序本身不是出租的主要标的，则此义务不适用于出租。
Article 12 Term of Protection第12条 保护期限
Whenever the term of protection of a work, other than a photographic work or a work of applied art，is calculated on a basis other than the life of a natural person，such term shall be no less than 50 years from the end of the calendar year of authorized publication，or， failing such authorized publication within 50 years from the making of the work，50 years from the end of the calendar year of making.
除摄影作品或实用艺术作品外，如若一作品的保护期限不以自然人的寿命为基础计算，则该期限自作品准予出版的日历年年底起不得少于50年，或者如若作品在创作后50年内未经授权出版，则自创作的日历年年底的50年。
Article 13 Limitations and Exceptions第13条 限制和例外
Members shall confine limitations or exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.
各成员对专有权作出的任何限制或例外规定应限于某些特殊情况，且不会与对作品的正常利用相冲突，也不会不合理地损害权利持有人的合法权益。
Article 14 Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms (Sound Recordings) and Broadcasting Organizations
第14条 对表演者、 录音制品(唱片)制作者和广播组织的保护
1.In respect of a fixation of their performance on a phonogram, performers shall have the possibility of preventing the following acts when undertaken without their authorization： the fixation of their unfixed performance and the reproduction of such fixation. Performers shall also have the possibility of preventing the following acts when undertaken without their authorization: the broadcasting by wireless means and the communication to the public of their live performance.
就将其表演录制在录音制品上而言，表演者应有可能阻止下列未经其授权的行为：录制其未录制过的表演和复制这些录制品。表演者还应有可能阻止下列未经其授权的行为：以无线广播方式播出和向大众传播其现场表演。
2.Producers of phonograms shall enjoy the right to authorize or prohibit the direct or indirect reproduction of their phonograms.
录音制品制作者应享有准许或禁止直接或间接复制其录音制品的权利。
3.Broadcasting organizations shall have the right to prohibit the following acts when undertaken without their authorization：the fixation，the reproduction of fixations，and the rebroadcasting by wireless means of broadcasts, as well as the communication to the public of television broadcasts of the same. Where Members do not grant such rights to broadcasting organizations，they shall provide owners of copyright in the subject matter of broadcasts with the possibility of preventing the above acts，subject to the provisions of the Berne Convention (1971).
广播组织应有权禁止下列未经其授权的行为：录制、复制其录制品、以无线广播方式转播其广播，以及将其电视广播向公众再转播。如若各成员未授予广播组织这种权利，则应在符合《伯尔尼公约》(1971)规定的前提下，给予广播客体的版权所有人以阻止上述行为的可能性。
4.The provisions of Article 11 in respect of computer programs shall apply mutatis mutandis to producers of phonograms and any other right holders in phonograms as determined in a Member's law. If on 15 April 1994 a Member has in force a system of equitable remuneration of right holders in respect of the rental of phonograms，it may maintain such system provided that the commercial rental of phonograms is not giving rise to the material impairment of the exclusive rights of reproduction of right holders.
第11条关于计算机程序的规定作必要修改后应适用于录音制品制作者和按一成员法确定的任何其他对录音制品的权利持有人。如若在1994年4月15日，一成员在录音制品的出租方面已在实施向权利持有人公平付酬的制度，则可维持这一制度，只要对录音制品的商业性出租不对权利持有人的专有复制权造成实质性的减损。
5.The term of the protection available under this Agreement to performers and producers of phonograms shall last at least until the end of a period of 50 years computed from the end of the calendar year in which the fixation was made or the performance took place. The term of protection granted pursuant to paragraph 3 shall last for at least 20 years from the end of the calendar year in which the broadcast took place.
本协定项下给予表演者和录音制品制作者可获得的保护期限，应自该录制或表演发生的日历年年底起，至少持续到第50年年末。根据第3款所给予的保护期限，应自广播发生的日历年年底起，至少持续20年。
6.Any Member may, in relation to the rights conferred under paragraphs 1，2 and 3， provide for conditions，limitations，exceptions and reservations to the extent permitted by the Rome Convention. However，the provisions of Article 18 of the Berne Convention(1971) shall also apply，mutatis mutandis，to the rights of performers and producers of phonograms in phonograms.
任何成员可对第1款、第2款和第3款给予的权利，在《罗马公约》允许的限度内，规定条件、限制、例外和保留。但是，《伯尔尼公约》(1971)第18条的规定在作必要修改后也应适用于表演者和录音制品制作者就录音制品享有的权利。
SECTION 2: TRADEMARKS 第二节：商标
Article 15 Protectable Subject Matter第15条 可保护客体
1.Any sign，or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings，shall be capable of constituting a trademark. Such signs，in particular words including personal names，letters，numerals， figurative elements and combinations of colors as well as any combination of such signs， shall be eligible for registration as trademarks. Where signs are not inherently capable of distinguishing the relevant goods or services，Members may make registrability depend on distinctiveness acquired through use. Members may require，as a condition of registration，that signs be visually perceptible.
任何标记或标记的组合，只要能区分一企业和其他企业的货物或服务，就应能构成一个商标。这些标记，特别是单词，包括个人名、字母、数字、图形成分和颜色的组合以及任何这些标记的组合，均应有资格作为商标进行注册。如若标记没有固有的区分有关商品或服务的特征，各成员可经由使用后获得的显著性作为是否予以注册。各成员可要求，作为注册的一个条件，这些标记应在视觉上可感知的。
2.Paragraph 1 shall not be understood to prevent a Member from denying registration of a trademark on other grounds，provided that they do not derogate from the provisions of the Paris Convention (1967).
第1款不应理解为阻止一成员以其他理由拒绝商标的注册，只要这些理由不违反《巴黎公约》(1967)的规定。
3.Members may make registrability depend on use. However，actual use of a trademark shall not be a condition for filing an application for registration. An application shall not be refused solely on the ground that intended use has not taken place before the expiry of a period of three years from the date of application.
各成员可将使用作为注册的前提。然而，一商标的实际使用不应作为申请注册的一项条件。不能仅仅因为自申请日起三年期满商标末按原意使用而拒绝该申请。
4.The nature of the goods or services to which a trademark is to be applied shall in no case form an obstacle to registration of the trademark.
一商标所适用的货物或服务的性质在任何情况下不得成为申请商标注册的障碍。
5.Members shall publish each trademark either before it is registered or promptly after it is registered and shall afford a reasonable opportunity for petitions to cancel the registration. In addition，Members may afford an opportunity for the registration of a trademark to be opposed.
各成员应在商标注册前或在注册后迅速公布每一商标，并应给予请求撤销注册以合理的机会。此外，各成员可以提供对商标之注册提出异议的机会。
Article 16 Rights Conferred第16条 授予的权利
1.The owner of a registered trademark shall have the exclusive right to prevent all third parties not having the owner's consent from using in the course of trade identical or similar signs for goods or services which are identical or similar to those in respect of which the trademark is registered where such use would result in a likelihood of confusion. In case of the use of an identical sign for identical goods or services，a likelihood of confusion shall be presumed. The rights described above shall not prejudice any existing prior rights，nor shall they affect the possibility of Members making rights available on the basis of use.
注册商标的所有人应有专有权，以阻止所有第三方未经其同意在交易过程中对与已获商标注册的货物或服务的相同或类似的货物或服务使用相同或类似的标记，如若这种使用可能会产生混淆。在对相同货物或服务使用相同标记是情况下，则应推定存在混淆的可能性。上述权利不应损害任何现有的优先权，也不应影响各成员以使用为基础授予权利的可能性。
2. Article 6bis of the Paris Convention (1967) shall apply，mutatis mutandis，to services. In determining whether a trademark is well-known，Members shall take account of the knowledge of the trademark in the relevant sector of the public，including knowledge in the Member concerned which has been obtained as a result of the promotion of the trademark.
《巴黎公约》(1967)第6条之二这必要修改后应适用于服务。在确定一商标是否驰名时，各成员应考虑到该商标在相关部门为公众所了解的程度，包括该商标因促销而在该有关成员获得理解的程度。
3. Article 6bis of the Paris Convention (1967) shall apply，mutatis mutandis，to goods or services which are not similar to those in respect of which a trademark is registered，
provided that use of that trademark in relation to those goods or services would indicate a
connection between those goods or services and the owner of the registered trademark and provided that the interests of the owner of the registered trademark are likely to be damaged by such use.
《巴黎公约》(1967)第6条之二在作必要修改后应适用于与已获得商标注册的货物或服务不相类似的货物或服务，只要该商标在那些货物或服务上的使用会表明那些货物或服务与该注册商标所有人之间存在着联系，且这种使用有可能损害该注册商标所有人的权益。
Article 17 Exceptions第17条 例外
Members may provide limited exceptions to the rights conferred by a trademark，such as fair use of descriptive terms，provided that such exceptions take account of the legitimate interests of the owner of the trademark and of third parties.
各成员可对商标所授予的权利规定有限制的例外，如适当使用描述性术语，只要这些例外考虑到商标所有人和第三方的合法权益。
Article 18 Term of Protection第18条 保护期限
Initial registration，and each renewal of registration，of a trademark shall be for a term of no less than seven years. The registration of a trademark shall be renewable indefinitely.
商标首次注册及其每次续展的期限不得少于7年。商标的注册应可无限期地续展。
Article 19 Requirement of Use第19条 使用要求
1. If use is required to maintain a registration，the registration may be cancelled only after an uninterrupted period of at least three years of non-use，unless valid reasons based on the existence of obstacles to such use are shown by the trademark owner. Circumstances arising independently of the will of the owner of the trademark which constitute an obstacle to the use of the trademark，such as import restrictions on or other government requirements for goods or services protected by the trademark，shall be recognized as valid reasons for non-use.
如若保留注册要求使用商标，那么只有在至少连续3年未得使用后才可取消注册，除非商标所有人提出有效的理由说明存在使用该商标的障碍。出现构成商标使用的障碍但并非出乎商标所有人意愿之情形，如对受商标保护的货物或服务实施进口限制或其他政府要求，应被认为是不使用的有效理由。
2. When subject to the control of its owner，use of a trademark by another person shall be recognized as use of the trademark for the purpose of maintaining the registration.
在受所有权人控制的情况下，另一人使用一商标应被认为为保留商标注册而使用商标。
Article 20 Other Requirements第20条 其他要求
The use of a trademark in the course of trade shall not be unjustifiably encumbered by special requirements，such as use with another trademark, use in a special form or use in a manner detrimental to its capability to distinguish the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. This will not preclude a requirement prescribing the use of the trademark identifying the undertaking producing the goods or services along with，but without linking it to，the trademark distinguishing the specific goods or services in question of that undertaking.
商标在交易过程中的使用不应受到特殊要求不合理的阻碍，诸如与另一商标一起使用，以特殊形式使用或其使用方式会损害其区分一企业的货物或服务与其他企业的货物或服务的能力。但该规定不排除这样的要求，即要求将识别该生产货物或服务的企业的商标与区别该企业的具体货物或服务的商标一起使用，但不将两者联系起来。
Article 21 Licensing and Assignment第21条 许可和转让
Members may determine conditions on the licensing and assignment of trademarks，it being understood that the compulsory licensing of trademarks shall not be permitted and that the owner of a registered trademark shall have the right to assign the trademark with or without the transfer of the business to which the trademark belongs.
各成员可对商标的许可和转让规定条件，但这应理解为不允许商标的强制许可，而且注册商标的所有权人有权将商标与该商标所属业务同时或不同时转让。
SECTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS第三节：地理标识
Article 22 Protection of Geographical Indications第22条 地理标识的保护
1. Geographical indications are，for the purposes of this Agreement，indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a Member，or a region or locality in that territory，where a given quality，reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin.
本协定之目的而言，“地理标识”是指识别某一货物来源于一成员的领土或该领土内的一个地区或地方的标识，而该货物所具有的质量、声誉或其他特性实质上归因于其地理来源。
2. In respect of geographical indications，Members shall provide the legal means for interested parties to prevent：
在地理标识方面，各成员应为有利益关系的各方提供法律手段以防止：
(a) the use of any means in the designation or presentation of a good that indicates or suggests that the good in question originates in a geographical area other than the true place of origin in a manner which misleads the public as to the geographical origin of the good；
用任何方式在标示和说明某一货物时指示或暗示该有关货物来源于一个非其真实原产地的一个地理区域，从而在该货物的地理来源方面误导公众；
(b) any use which constitutes an act of unfair competition within the meaning of Article 10bis of the Paris Convention (1967).
任何构成《巴黎公约》(1967)第10条之二意义下不公平竞争行为的使用，
3. A Member shall，ex officio if its legislation so permits or at the request of an interested party，refuse or invalidate the registration of a trademark which contains or consists of a geographical indication with respect to goods not originating in the territory indicated，if use of the indication in the trademark for such goods in that Member is of such a nature as to mislead the public as to the true place of origin.
如若一商标包含的或构成的有关货物并非源自所表明领土的地理标识，且如若在该货物的商标中使用这一标识会使公众对其真实的原产地产生误解，则一成员在其立法允许或有利益关系的一方请求的情况下，可拒绝或废止该商标的注册。
4. The protection under paragraphs 1，2 and 3 shall be applicable against a geographical indication which，although literally true as to the territory，region or locality in which the goods originate，falsely represents to the public that the goods originate in another territory.
根据第1款、第2款和第3款给予的保护应可适用于虽在字面上表明货物来源的真实领土、地区或地方，但却虚假地向公众表明该货物源于另一领土的地理标识。
Article 23 Additional Protection for Geographical Indications for Wines and Spirits
第23条 对葡萄酒和烈酒地理标识的额外保护
1. Each Member shall provide the legal means for interested parties to prevent use of a geographical indication identifying wines for wines not originating in the place indicated by the geographical indication in question or identifying spirits for spirits not originating in the place indicated by the geographical indication in question，even where the true origin of the goods is indicated or the geographical indication is used in translation or accompanied by expressions such as “kind”，“type”，“style”，“imitation”or the like. 4
1.每个成员应为有利害关系的各方提供法律手段，以防止将识别葡萄酒的地理标识用于并非来源于该地理标识所表明地方的葡萄酒，或防止将识别烈酒的地理标识用于并非来源于该地理标识所表明地方的烈酒，即使对货物的真实原产地已表明，或该地理标识是经翻译后使用的，或伴有“种类”、“类型”、“特色”、“仿制”或类似表述方式。
2. The registration of a trademark for wines which contains or consists of a geographical indication identifying wines or for spirits which contains or consists of a geographical indication identifying spirits shall be refused or invalidated, ex officio if a Member's legislation so permits or at the request of an interested party，with respect to such wines or spirits not having this origin.
对包含或构成识别葡萄酒的地理标识的葡萄酒或包含或构成识别烈酒的地理标识的烈酒，如若一成员依职权在其立法允许或有利害关系的一方，对于并非来源于该产地的葡萄酒或烈酒提出请求时，应拒绝或废止该商标注册。
3. In the case of homonymous geographical indications for wines，protection shall be accorded to each indication，subject to the provisions of paragraph 4 of Article 22. Each Member shall determine the practical conditions under which the homonymous indications in question will be differentiated from each other，taking into account the need to ensure equitable treatment of the producers concerned and that consumers are not misled.
在葡萄酒的地理标识同名的情况下，在遵守第22条第4款规定的前提下，应对每一种标识均予保护。每一成员应确定切实可行的条件以便该同名标识可相互区分，同时考虑确保公正地对待有关生产者并使消费者不致被误导的需要。
4. In order to facilitate the protection of geographical indications for wines，negotiations shall be undertaken in the Council for TRIPS concerning the establishment of a multilateral system of notification and registration of geographical indications for wines eligible for protection in those Members participating in the system.
为便于保护葡萄酒地理标识，应在TRIPS理事会进行谈判，以便建立一个的葡萄酒地理标识通知和注册的多边制度，对参加该制度的那些成员有资格获得保护。
Article 24 International Negotiations; Exceptions第24条 国际谈判：例外
1.Members agree to enter into negotiations aimed at increasing the protection of individual geographical indications under Article 23. The provisions of paragraphs 4 through 8 below shall not be used by a Member to refuse to conduct negotiations or to conclude bilateral or multilateral agreements. In the context of such negotiations, Members shall be willing to consider the continued applicability of these provisions to individual geographical indications whose use was the subject of such negotiations.
各成员同意进行谈判，旨在加强对第23条项下单个地理标识的保护。一成员不得援用下述第4款至第8款的规定，以拒绝进行谈判或达成双边或多边协议。在这种谈判的背景下，各成员应愿意考虑这些规定继续适用于其使用曾为此类谈判议题的单个地理标识。
2.The Council for TRIPS shall keep under review the application of the provisions of this Section，the first such review shall take place within two years of the entry into force of the WTO Agreement. Any matter affecting the compliance with the obligations under these provisions may be drawn to the attention of the Council，which，at the request of a Member，shall consult with any Member or Members in respect of such matter in respect of which it has not been possible to find a satisfactory solution through bilateral or plurilateral consultations between the Members concerned. The Council shall take such action as may be agreed to facilitate the operation and further the objectives of this Section.
TRIPs理事会应不断审议本节规定的适用情况；第-次审议应在《建立WTO的协定》生效后2年内进行。任何影响遵守这些规定下的义务的事项均可提请理事会注意，在一成员的请求时，理事会应就有关成员之间通过双边或诸边磋商未能找到满意解决办法的事项与任何当事成员进行磋商。理事会应采取各方同意的行动，以便利本节的贯彻执行，并促进本节目标的实现。
3.In implementing this Section, a Member shall not diminish the protection of geographical indications that existed in that Member immediately prior to the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.
在实施本节规定时，一成员不应降低《WTO协定》生效之日前已在该成员中存在的对地理标识的保护。
4.Nothing in this Section shall require a Member to prevent continued and similar use of a particular geographical indication of another Member identifying wines or spirits in connection with goods or services by any of its nationals or domiciliaries who have used that geographical indication in a continuous manner with regard to the same or related goods or services in the territory of that Member either (a) for at least 10 years preceding 15 April 1994 or (b) in good faith preceding that date.
本节的任何规定不得要求一成员阻止其任何国民或居民在货物或服务方面继续以类似方式使用另一成员识别葡萄酒成烈酒的某一特定地理标识，如若其国民或居民在相同或有关的货物服务上在该成员境内已连续使用这一地理标记(a)在1994年4月15日前至少已有10年，或(ｂ)在该日期前的使用是善意的。
5. Where a trademark has been applied for or registered in good faith，or where rights to a trademark have been acquired through use in good faith either.
如若一商标的申请或注册是善意的，或如若一商标的权利是在以下日期之前通过善意的使用取得的：
(a) before the date of application of these provisions in that Member as defined in Part VI； or
在第六部分确定的那些规定对该成员适用之日前；或
(b) before the geographical indication is protected in its country of origin，measures adopted to implement this Section shall not prejudice eligibility for or the validity of the registration of a trademark，or the right to use a trademark，on the basis that such a trademark is identical with, or similar to, a geographical indication.
在该地理标识在其来源国被保护之前；为实施本节规定而采取的措施不得因一商标与一地理标识相同或相似而损害商标的注册资格或商标注册的有效性，或商标的使用权。
6. Nothing in this Section shall require a Member to apply its provisions in respect of a geographical indication of any other Member with respect to goods or services for which the relevant indication is identical with the term customary in common language as the
common name for such goods or services in the territory of that Member. Nothing in this Section shall require a Member to apply its provisions in respect of a geographical indication of any other Member with respect to products of the vine for which the relevant indication is identical with the customary name of a grape variety existing in the territory of that Member as of the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.
本节的任何规定不得要求一成员将其有关货物或服务的地理标识的规定适用于任何其他成员的，如若在该成员境内，与这些货物或服务相关的标识与通用语言中作为这些货物或服务的一般名称的习惯术语相同。本节的任何规定不得要求一成员将其规定适用于任何其他成员关于葡萄产品的地理标记，如若此类地理标识与在《WTO协定》生效之日在该成员领土内已存在的葡萄品种的习惯名称相同。
7. A Member may provide that any request made under this Section in connection with the use or registration of a trademark must be presented within five years after the adverse use of the protected indication has become generally known in that Member or after the date of registration of the trademark in that Member provided that the trademark has been published by that date，if such date is earlier than the date on which the adverse use became generally known in that Member，provided that the geographical indication is not used or registered in bad faith.
一成员可规定，根据本节就一商标的使用或注册提出的任何请求必须在对该受保护的标识的不利使用已在该成员境内广为人知后5年内提出，或者如若商标在一成员境内的注册日期早于上述不利使用该成员境内广为人知的日期，如若该商标在其注册之日前已予公布，则该请求必须在该商标在该成员境内注册之日起5年内提出，只要该地理标识未被恶意使用或注册。
8. The provisions of this Section shall in no way prejudice the right of any person to use，in the course of trade，that person's name or the name of that person's predecessor in business，except where such name is used in such a manner as to mislead the public.
本节的规定决不能损害任何人在贸易过程中在业务上使用其姓名或其业务前任姓名的权利，除非使用该姓名会误导公众。
9. There shall be no obligation under this Agreement to protect geographical indications which are not or cease to be protected in their country of origin，or which have fallen into disuse in that country.
各成员在本协定项下无任何义务保护在来源国不受保护或终止保护或在该国已废止的地理标识。
SECTION 4: INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS 第4节：工业设计
Article 25 Requirements for Protection 第25条 保护的要求
1. Members shall provide for the protection of independently created industrial designs that are new or original. Members may provide that designs are not new or original if they do not significantly differ from known designs or combinations of known design features. Members may provide that such protection shall not extend to designs dictated essentially by technical or functional considerations.
各成员应为新的或原创性的独立创造的工业设计提供保护。各成员可以规定工业设计不是新的或原创性的，如果它们不显著区别于已知的设计或已知设计的特征的组合。各成员可规定该保护不应延伸至实质上由于技术或功能上的考虑而产生的设计。
2. Each Member shall ensure that requirements for securing protection for textile designs，
in particular in regard to any cost，examination or publication，do not unreasonably impair the opportunity to seek and obtain such protection. Members shall be free to meet this obligation through industrial design law or through copyright law.
每一成员应确保为获得纺织品设计保护而规定的要求，特别是有关任何费用、审查或出版物，不会不合理地损害寻求和获得该保护的机会。各成员可自行通过工业设计法或版权法来履行该项义务。
Article 26 Protection第26条 保护
1. The owner of a protected industrial design shall have the right to prevent third parties not having the owner's consent from making，selling or importing articles bearing or embodying a design which is a copy，or substantially a copy，of the protected design， when such acts are undertaken for commercial purposes.
受保护的工业设计的所有权人应有权阻止第三方为商业目的未经其同意而生产、销售或进口其载有或含有的设计是一受保护设计的复制品或实质上是复制的商品。
2. Members may provide limited exceptions to the protection of industrial designs， provided that such exceptions do not unreasonably conflict with the normal exploitation of protected industrial designs and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the owner of the protected design，taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties.
各成员可对工业设计的保护规定有限的例外，只要这种例外不会与受保护的工业设计的正常利用发生不合理的冲突，也不会不合理地损害受保护工业设计的所有权人的合法权益，同时考虑到第三方的合法权益。
3. The duration of protection available shall amount to at least 10 years.
可获得的有效保护期限应至少达到10年。
SECTION 5: PATENTS第5节：专利
Article 27 Patentable Subject Matter第27条 可授予专利的客体
1.Subject to the provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3，patents shall be available for any inventions，whether products or processes，in all fields of technology, provided that they are new，involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application.5 Subject to paragraph 4 of Article 65，paragraph 8 of Article 70 and paragraph 3 of this Article， patents shall be available and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the place of invention，the field of technology and whether products are imported or locally produced.
在遵守第2款和第3款规定的前提下，专利应授予所有技术领域的任何发明，无论是产品还是方法，只要它们具有新颖性、涉及发明性的步骤，并可供工业应用。5在遵守第65条第４款、第70条第8款和本条第3款规定的前提下，专利的获得和专利权的享受不应因发明地点、技术领域、产品是进口的还是当地生产的而受到歧视。
2. Members may exclude from patentability inventions，the prevention within their territory of the commercial exploitation of which is necessary to protect ordre public or morality， including to protect human，animal or plant life or health or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment，provided that such exclusion is not made merely because the exploitation is prohibited by their law.
各成员可不对下述发明授予专利权，如若在其领土内阻止对这些发明的商业性利用对于维护公共秩序或道德，包括保护人类、动物或植物的生命或健康或避免严重损害环境是必要的，只要此举并不仅仅因为这种利用为其法律所禁止。
3. Members may also exclude from patentability：各成员也可不对以下发明授予专利权：
(a) diagnostic，therapeutic and surgical methods for the treatment of humans or animals；
人类或动物的诊断、治疗和外科手术方法；
(b) plants and animals other than micro-organisms, and essentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes. However，Members shall provide for the protection of plant varieties either by patents or by an effective sui generis system or by any combination thereof. The provisions of this subparagraph shall be reviewed four years after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.
除微生物外的植物和动物，以及除了生物和微生物之外的生产植物或动物实质上属于生物的方法。但是，各成员应规定用专利或一种专门有效的特殊制度或通过这两者的综合运用来保护植物品种。本项的规定应在《WTO协定》生效之日4年后进行审议。
Article 28 Rights Conferred第28条 授予的权利
1. A patent shall confer on its owner the following exclusive rights：
一专利应赋予其所有权人以下专有权：
(a) where the subject matter of a patent is a product，to prevent third parties not having the owner's consent from the acts of：making，using，offering for sale，selling，or importing6 for these purposes that product；
如若一专利的客体是产品，则防止第三方未经其同意而进行制造、使用、标价出售、销售或为这些目的而进口6该产品的行为；
(b) where the subject matter of a patent is a process, to prevent third parties not having the owner's consent from the act of using the process, and from the acts of：using，offering for sale，selling，or importing for these purposes at least the product obtained directly by that process.
如若一专利的客体是一方法，则防止第三方未经其同意而使用该方法的行为，或使用、标价出售、销售或为这些目的而进口至少是以此方法直接获得产品的行为。
2. Patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by succession，the patent and to conclude licensing contracts.
专利所有权人还应有权转让或以继承方式转移该专利并签订许可合同。
Article 29 Conditions on Patent Applicants第29条 专利申请人的条件
1. Members shall require that an applicant for a patent shall disclose the invention in a manner sufficiently clear and complete for the invention to be carried out by a person skilled in the art and may require the applicant to indicate the best mode for carrying out the invention known to the inventor at the filing date or，where priority is claimed，at the priority date of the application.
各成员应要求专利申请人以足够清楚和完整的方式披露其发明，以使本专业领域的技术人员能够实施该项发明，并可要求申请人在申请之日或在要求优先权时，在申请的优先之日表明发明人所知的实施该发明的最佳方式。
2. Members may require an applicant for a patent to provide information concerning the applicant's corresponding foreign applications and grants.
各成员可要求专利申请人就其相应的国外申请与授予情况提供信息。
Article 30 Exceptions to Rights Conferred第30条 授予权利的例外
Members may provide limited exceptions to the exclusive rights conferred by a patent， provided that such exceptions do not unreasonably conflict with a normal exploitation of the patent and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the patent owner， taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties.
各成员可以对专利赋予的专有权规定有限的例外，只要这种例外不会与对专利的正常利用发生不合理地冲突，也不会不合理地损害专利所有权人的合法权益，同时考虑第三方的合法权益。
Article 31 Other Use Without Authorization of the Right Holder
第31条 未经权利持有人授权的其他使用
Where the law of a Member allows for other use7 of the subject matter of a patent without the authorization of the right holder，including use by the government or third parties authorized by the government，the following provisions shall be respected：
如若一成员的法律允许未经权利持有人授权即可对一专利的客体作其他使用，7包括政府或经政府授权的第三方的使用，则应遵照以下规定：
(a) authorization of such use shall be considered on its individual merits；
授权这种使用应一事一议；
(b) such use may only be permitted if，prior to such use，the proposed user has made efforts to obtain authorization from the right holder on reasonable commercial terms and conditions and that such efforts have not been successful within a reasonable period of time. This requirement may be waived by a Member in the case of a national emergencyor other circumstances of extreme urgency or in cases of public non-commercial use. In situations of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency，the right holder shall，nevertheless，be notified as soon as reasonably practicable. In the case of public non-commercial use，where the government or contractor，without making a patent search，knows or has demonstrable grounds to know that a valid patent is or will be used by or for the government，the right holder shall be informed promptly；
只有当拟使用者在这种使用前已按合理的商业条款和条件努力从权利持有人处获得授权，并在合理的时间内未得到这种允许时，才可允许这种使用。在全国处于紧急状态或其他极端紧迫状态的情况下，或公共非商业性使用的情况下，一成员可豁免此要求。尽管如此，在全国处于紧急状态或其他极端紧迫状态时，应尽快通知权利持有人。在公共非商业性使用的情况下，如若政府或合约方未作专利查询即知道或有明显的理由知道一有效专利正在或将要被政府或为政府使用，则应迅速告知权利持有人；
(c) the scope and duration of such use shall be limited to the purpose for which it was authorized，and in the case of semi-conductor technology shall only be for public non-commercial use or to remedy a practice determined after judicial or administrative process to be anti-competitive；
(a) 这种使用的范围和期限应限于被授权的目的，如若是半导体技术，则只能应用于公共
商业性使用，或用于补救司法或行政程序确定为反竞争的做法；
(d) such use shall be non-exclusive；这种使用应是非独占性的；
(e) such use shall be non-assignable，except with that part of the enterprise or goodwill which enjoys such use；
这种使用应是不可转让的，除非连同享有这种使用的那部分企业或商誉一起转让；
(f) any such use shall be authorized predominantly for the supply of the domestic market of the Member authorizing such use；
任何这种使用的授权应主要为了供应该授权这种使用的成员的国内市场；
(g) authorization for such use shall be liable, subject to adequate protection of the legitimate interests of the persons so authorized, to be terminated if and when the circumstances which led to it cease to exist and are unlikely to recur. The competent authority shall have the authority to review，upon motivated request，the continued existence of these circumstances；
在充分保护被授权人合法权益的前提下，如若当导致这种使用的情形已不复存在且不可能再出现时，则有关这种使用的授权应终止。在收到有关请求时，主管当局应有权审查这些情形是否继续存在；
(h) the right holder shall be paid adequate remuneration in the circumstances of each case，taking into account the economic value of the authorization；
在每一种情形下应支付权利持有人适当的报酬，同时考虑有关授权的经济价值；
(i) the legal validity of any decision relating to the authorization of such use shall be subject to judicial review or other independent review by a distinct higher authority in that Member；
任何有关这种使用决定的法律有效性须经过司法审查，或经过该成员中上一级有关当局的独立审查；
(j) any decision relating to the remuneration provided in respect of such use shall be subject to judicial review or other independent review by a distinct higher authority in that Member；
任何就这种使用提供报酬的有关决定应经过司法审查或该成员中上级有关当局的独立审查；
(k) Members are not obliged to apply the conditions set forth in subparagraphs (b) and (f) where such use is permitted to remedy a practice determined after judicial or administrative process to be anti-competitive. The need to correct anti-competitive practices may be taken into account in determining the amount of remuneration in such cases. Competent authorities shall have the authority to refuse termination of authorization if and when the conditions which led to such authorization are likely to recur；
如若允许该使用是为了补救司法或行政程序确定的反竞争做法，则各成员没有义务适用(b)项和(f)项规定的条件。在确定这种情况下的报酬金额时，可考虑纠正反竞争做法的需要。如若导致授权的条件可能再此出现，则主管当局有权拒绝终止授权；
(l) where such use is authorized to permit the exploitation of a patent (“the second patent”) which cannot be exploited without infringing another patent (“the first patent”)，the following additional conditions shall apply：
如若授权这种使用是为了允许利用一项专利(“第二专利”)，而该项专利的利用不得不侵犯另一项专利(“第一专利”)，则下列额外条件应适用：
(i) the invention claimed in the second patent shall involve an important technical advance of considerable economic significance in relation to the invention claimed in the first patent：
与第一专利中要求的发明相比，第二专利中要求的发明应包含重要的、具有重大经济意义的技术进步。
(ii) the owner of the first patent shall be entitled to a cross-licence on reasonable terms to use the invention claimed in the second patent：and
第一专利的所有人应有权以合理的条件通过交叉许可而使用第二专利具有的发明；
(iii) the use authorized in respect of the first patent shall be non-assignable except with the assignment of the second patent.
就第一专利授权的使用不得转让，除非与第二专利一起转让。
Article 32 Revocation/Forfeiture第32条 撤销/无效
An opportunity for judicial review of any decision to revoke or forfeit a patent shall be available.
对任何有关撤销或宣布一项专利无效的决定应有机会进行司法审查。
Article 33 Term of Protection第33条 保护期限
The term of protection available shall not end before the expiration of a period of twenty years counted from the filing date.8
可获得的有效保护期限不应自申请之日8起计算的20年期限届满前到期。
Article 34 Process Patents: Burden of Proof第34条 方法专利：举证责任
1. For the purposes of civil proceedings in respect of the infringement of the rights of the owner referred to in paragraph 1(b) of Article 28，if the subject matter of a patent is a process for obtaining a product，the judicial authorities shall have the authority to order the defendant to prove that the process to obtain an identical product is different from the patented process. Therefore，Members shall provide，in at least one of the following circumstances，that any identical product when produced without the consent of the patent owner shall，in the absence of proof to the contrary，be deemed to have been obtained by the patented process：
就第28条第1款(b)项所指的侵害所有权人权利的民事诉讼而言，如若一项专利的客体是获得一种产品的方法，司法当局应有权责令被告证明其获得相同产品的方法与已获专利的方法不同。因此，各成员应规定至少在下列一种情况下，任何未经专利权所有人同意而生产的相同产品，若无相反证明，则应被视为是通过已获专利方法而获得的：
(a) if the product obtained by the patented process is new；
若通过已获专利方法而获得的产品是新的；
(b) if there is a substantial likelihood that the identical product was made by the process and the owner of the patent has been unable through reasonable efforts to determine the process actually used.
如若存在实质性的可能性表明该相同产品是由该方法生产的，而专利权所有人经过合理的努力仍不能确定事实使用了该方法。
2. Any Member shall be free to provide that the burden of proof indicated in paragraph 1 shall be on the alleged infringer only if the condition referred to in subparagraph (a) is fulfilled or only if the condition referred to in subparagraph (b) is fulfilled.
只有满足(a)项或(b)项所指条件，任何成员才有权规定第1款所指的举证责任由被指控的侵权人承担。
3. In the adduction of proof to the contrary, the legitimate interests of defendants in protecting their manufacturing and business secrets shall be taken into account.
在引用相反证据时，应考虑被告在保护其制造和商业秘密方面的合法权益。
SECTION 6: LAYOUT-DESIGNS (TOPOGRAPHIES) OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
第6节：集成电路布图设计(拓扑图)
Article 35 Relation to the IPIC Treaty
第35条 与《关于集成电路的知识产权条约》的关系
Members agree to provide protection to the layout-designs (topographies) of integrated circuits (referred to in this Agreement as “layout-designs”) in accordance with Articles 2 through 7 (other than paragraph 3 of Article 6), Article 12 and paragraph 3 of Article 16 of the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits and，in addition，to comply with the following provisions.
各成员同意按照《关于集成电路的知识产权条约》中第2至第7条(第6条第3款除外)，以及第12条和第16条第3款，对集成电路的布图设计(拓扑图)(本协定中称为“布图设计”)提供保护，此外，还同意遵守以下规定。
Article 36 Scope of the Protection第36条 保护范围
Subject to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 37，Members shall consider unlawful the following acts if performed without the authorization of the right holder：9 importing， selling，or otherwise distributing for commercial purposes a protected layout-design，an integrated circuit in which a protected layout-design is incorporated，or an article incorporating such an integrated circuit only in so far as it continues to contain an unlawfully reproduced layout-design.
在遵守第37条第1款规定的前提下，各成员应视下列未经权利持有人9授权的行为为非法：为商业目的进口、销售、或分销受保护的布图设计、含有受保护的布图设计的集成电路、或含有这种集成电路的物品，只要该集成电路仍然含有非法复制的布图设计。
Article 37 Acts Not Requiring the Authorization of the Right Holder
第37条 无需权利持有人授权的行为
1. Notwithstanding Article 36，no Member shall consider unlawful the performance of any of the acts referred to in that Article in respect of an integrated circuit incorporating an unlawfully reproduced layout-design or any article incorporating such an integrated circuit where the person performing or ordering such acts did not know and had no reasonable ground to know，when acquiring the integrated circuit or article incorporating such an integrated circuit，that it incorporated an unlawfully reproduced layout-design. Members shall provide that，after the time that such person has received sufficient notice that the layout-design was unlawfully reproduced，that person may perform any of the acts with respect to the stock on hand or ordered before such time，but shall be liable to pay to the right holder a sum equivalent to a reasonable royalty such as would be payable under a freely negotiated licence in respect of such a layout-design.
尽管有第36条的规定，但如若从事或命令从事该条所指的与含有非法复制的布图设计的集成电路或含有这种集成电路的物品有关的人 在获得该集成电路或含有该集成电路的物品时，不知道且没有合理的理由知道其中包含这种非法复制的布图设计，则任何成员不应将从事该条所指的任何行为视为非法。各成员应规定，在此人收到关于该布图设计被非法复制的充分通知后，可对现有的存货及此前的订货采取任何行动，但有责任向权利持有人支付一笔金额，该金额相当于就该布图设计自愿达成的许可协议应付的合理提成费。
2. The conditions set out in subparagraphs (a) through (k) of Article 31 shall apply mutatis mutandis in the event of any non-voluntary licensing of a layout-design or of its use by or for the government without the authorization of the right holder.
2．第31条(a)至(k)项规定的条件在作不要的修改后应适用于任何有关布图设计的非自愿许可情形或任何未经权利持有人授权而被政府或为政府而使用的情形。
Article 38 Term of Protection第38条 保护期限
1. In Members requiring registration as a condition of protection，the term of protection of layout-designs shall not end before the expiration of a period of 10 years counted from the date of filing an application for registration or from the first commercial exploitation wherever in the world it occurs.
在要求以注册作为保护条件的成员中，布图设计的保护期限不应在从提交注册申请之日起，或从第一次在世界上任何地方将其投入商业利用之日时计算10年期限届满前终止。
2. In Members not requiring registration as a condition for protection, layout-designs shall be protected for a term of no less than 10 years from the date of the first commercial exploitation wherever in the world it occurs.
在不要求以注册为保护条件的成员中，布图设计的保护期限不得少于从其第一次在世界上任何地方将其投入商业利用之日起计算的1O年。
3. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 and 2，a Member may provide that protection shall lapse 15 years after the creation of the layout-design.
尽管有第l款和第2款的规定，一成员仍可规定保护应在布图设计创作15年后终止。
SECTION 7: PROTECTION OF UNDISCLOSED INFORMATION
第7节 对未披露信息的保护
Article 39第39条
1. In the course of ensuring effective protection against unfair competition as provided in Article 10bis of the Paris Convention (1967), Members shall protect undisclosed information in accordance with paragraph 2 and data submitted to governments or governmental agencies in accordance with paragraph 3.
在确保有效保护《巴黎公约》(1967)第10条之二所规定的不公平竞争的过程中，各成员应根据第2款对未披露信息和根据第3款对提交给政府或政府机构的数据提供保护。
2. Natural and legal persons shall have the possibility of preventing information lawfully within their control from being disclosed to, acquired by, or used by others without their consent in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices10 so long as such information：
自然人和法人应有可能防止其合法控制的信息在未经其同意的情况下，以违反诚实商业作法的方式10向他人披露，或被他人获得或使用，只要该信息：
(a) is secret in the sense that it is not, as a body or in the precise configuration and assembly of its components, generally known among or readily accessible to persons within the circles that normally deal with the kind of information in question；
是保密的，即无论作为一个整体还是就其各部分持的精确排列和组合而言，该信息尚不为通常处理该信息范围内的人所普遍知晓，或不易被他们获得；
(b) has commercial value because it is secret；and因其保密而具有商业价值；并且
(c) has been subject to reasonable steps under the circumstances，by the person lawfully in control of the information，to keep it secret.
由该信息的合法控制人在当时的情况下采取合理的步骤以保持其秘密性。
3. Members，when requiring，as a condition of approving the marketing of pharmaceutical
or of agricultural chemical products which utilize new chemical entities，the submission of undisclosed test or other data，the origination of which involves a considerable effort，shall protect such data against unfair commercial use. In addition，Members shall protect such data against disclosure，except where necessary to protect the public，or unless steps are taken to ensure that the data are protected against unfair commercial use.
各成员如要求提交，作为批准销售使用新型化学实体而制造的药品或农业化学品的条件，需提交通过巨大努力取得的未披露的试验数据或其他数据，则应保该类数据，以防止不正当商业利用。此外，各成员应保护这些数据不被披露，或除非为保护公众的需要，或除非已采取措施确保该数据不被不正当地商业利用。
5就本条目的而言，一成员可把“发明性步骤”和“能进行工业应用”这两个术语分别理解为与“非显见性的”和“有用的”这两个术语同义。
6本权利，连同本协定项下授予的关于使用、销售、进口物品或分销货物的权利一样，应遵守第6条的规定。
7 “其他使用”是指除第30条允许以外的使用。
8据理解，没有原始授予制度的成员可规定保护期限应自原始授予制度中的申请之日起计算。
9本节中的“权利持有人”这一术语应理解为与《IPIC条约》中的“权利的持有人”这一术语含义相同。
10就本规定之目的而言，“违反诚实商业做法的方式”应至少包括以下做法：如违约，泄密和违约诱导，并包括第三方获得未披露的信息，而该第三方知道或因严重疏忽而未能知道这种获得涉及这些做法。
