国际公路货物运输合同公约

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Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) (Geneva, 19 May 1956)
国际公路货物运输合同公约（１９５６年５月１９日订于日内瓦）
 
序言Preamble
 
鉴于缔约国认识到需要制约国际公路货物运输合同，特别是有关此种运输所使用的单证和承运人责任的统一条件，特协议如下：
The Contracting Parties, Having recognized the desirability of standardizing the conditions governing the contract for the international carriage of goods by road, particularly with respect to the documents used for such carriage and to the carrier's liability, have agreed as follows:
 
第一章　适用范围Chapter 1 - Scope of Application
第一条　Article 1
1.　以营运车辆的公路货物运输的每一合同，不管缔约方住地和国籍，凡合同中规定的接管和交付货物的地点位于两个不同国家，其中至少有一个是缔约国者，本公约均适用之。
1. This Convention shall apply to every contract for the carriage of goods by road in vehicles for reward, when the place of taking over of the goods and the place designated for delivery, as specified in the contract, are situated in two different countries, of which at least one is a contracting country, irrespective of the place of residence and the nationality of the parties.
 
２．在本公约中，“车辆”是指在１９４９年９月１９日公路交通公约第四条中所规定的机动车、拖挂车、拖车和半拖车。
2. For the purpose of this Convention, “vehicles” means motor vehicles, articulated vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers as defined in article 4 of the Convention on Road Traffic dated 19 September 1949.
 
３．本公约也适用于属本公约范围内而由国家或政府机构组织所从事的运输。
3. This Convention shall apply also where carriage coming within its scope is carried
out by States or by governmental institutions or organizations.
 
４．本公约不适用于：4. This Convention shall not apply:
（ａ）按照任何国际邮运公约条款而履行的运输；
（ａ）To carriage performed under the terms of any international postal convention;
（ｂ）丧葬运送；（ｂ） To funeral consignments;
（ｃ）家俱搬迁。（ｃ） To furniture removal.
５．除使本公约规定不适用于缔约国的边境运输或授权在运输活动中公约的使用完全限于代表物权之运单的缔约国区域外，缔约国同意不以双边或多边的特殊协议来修改本公约的任何规定。
5. The Contracting Parties agree not to vary any of the provisions of this Convention
by special agreements between two or more of them, except to make it inapplicable to their frontier traffic or to authorize the use in transport operations entirely confined to their territory of consignment notes representing a title to the goods.
 
第二条　Article 2
１．除适用第十四条规定外，当载货车辆上的货物没有从车辆上卸下，而其部分路程由海上、铁路、内河或航空接运，则本公约应依然适用于全程。如果经证明，在其它运输方式承运期间货物所发生的任何灭失、损坏或延迟交付不是由于公路承运人的行为或不行为所造成，而仅由于在其它运输方式承运期间和由于其它运输方式承运的原因而发生的某事件所造成，如果货物运输合同本身是根据该运输方式货物运输法规定的条件由发货人和该其它运输方式的承运人所签订的，则公路承运人的责任不应由本公约确定，而应按照其它运输承运人责任的方式来确定。但如无所述条件，公路承运人的责任应由本公约确定。
1. Where the vehicle containing the goods is carried over part of the journey by sea, rail, inland waterways or air, and, except where the provisions of article 14 are applicable, SiSU lexmercatoria.org Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) - (Geneva, 19 May 1956)the goods are not unloaded from the vehicle, this Convention shall nevertheless apply to the whole of the carriage. Provided that to the extent it is proved that any loss, damage or delay in delivery of the goods which occurs during the carriage by the other means of transport was not caused by act or omission of the carrier by road, but by some event which could only occurred in the course of and by reason of the carriage
by that other means of transport, the liability of the carrier by road shall be determined not by this convention but in the manner in which the liability of the carrier by the other means of transport would have been determined if a contract for the carriage the goods alone had been made by the sender with the carrier by the other means of transport in accordance with the conditions prescribed by law for the carriage of goods by that means of transport. If, however, there are no such prescribed conditions, the liability of the carrier by road shall be determined by this convention.
 
２．如果公路承运人同时也是其它运输方式的承运人，则他的责任也应按本条第１款规定来确定，但就其以公路承运人和其它运输方式承运人的身份应作为两个不同当事人看待。
2. If the carrier by road is also himself the carrier by the other means of transport, his liability shall also be determined in accordance with the provisions paragraph 1 of this article, but as if, in his capacities as carrier by road and carrier by the other means of transport, he were two separate persons.
 
第二章     承运人负责的对象
Chapter II - Persons for whom the Carrier is Responsible
第三条　　在本公约中，当承运人的代理人、受雇人或其它人在其受雇范围内行事，承运人应对这些代理人、受雇人和为履行运输而使用其服务的任何其它人的行为和不行为一如他本人的行为或不行为一样负责。
Article 3 For the purposes of this Convention the carrier shall be responsible for the acts of omissions of his agents and servants and of any other persons of whose services he makes use for the performance of the carriage, when such agents, servants or other persons are acting within the scope of their employment, as if such acts or omissions were his own.
 
第三章     运输合同的签订和履行
Chapter III - Conclusion and Performance of the Contract of Carriage
 
第四条       运输合同应以签发运单来确认。无运单、运单不正规或丢失不影响运输合同的成立或有效性，仍受本公约规定所制约。
Article 4 The contract of carriage shall be confirmed by the making out of a consignment note. The absence, irregularity or loss of the consignment note shall not affect the existence or the validity of the contract of carriage which shall remain subject the provisions of this Convention.
 
第五条   １．运单应签发有发货人和承运人签字的三份正本，这些签字可以是印刷的或如运单签发国的法律允许，可由发货人和承运人以盖章代替。第一份应交付发货人，第二份应交付跟随货物，第三份应由承运人留存。
Article 5 １． The consignment note shall be made out in three original copies signed by the sender and by the carrier. These signatures may be printed or replaced by the stamps of the sender and the carrier if the law of the country in which the consignment note has been SiSU lexmercatoria.org Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) - (Geneva, 19 May 1956) made out so permits. The first copy shall be handed to the sender, the second shall accompany the goods and the third shall be retained by the carrier.
 
２．当待装货物在不同车内或装有不同种类货物或数票货物，发货人或承运人有权要求对使用的每辆车、每种货或每票货分别签发运单。
2. When the goods which are to be carried have to be loaded in different vehicles, or are of different kinds or are divided into different lots, the sender or the carrier shall have the right to require a separate consignment note to be made out for each vehicle used, or for each kind or lot of goods.
 
第六条　Article 6　
１．运单应包括下列事项：
1. The consignment note shall contain the following particulars:
 
（ａ）运单签发日期和地点；
（ａ） The date of the consignment note and the place at which it is made out;
（ｂ）发货人名称和地址；（ｂ）) The name and address of the sender;
（ｃ）承运人名称和地址；（ｃ） The name and address of the carrier;
（ｄ）货物接管的地点及日期和指定的交付地点；
（ｄ）The place and the date of taking over of the goods and the place designated for delivery;
（ｅ）收货人名称和地址；（ｅ） The name and address of the consignee;
（ｆ）一般常用的货物品名和包装方法，如属危险货物，说明通常认可的性能；
（ｆ）The description in common use of the nature of the goods and the method of packing, and, in the case of dangerous goods, their generally recognized description;
（ｇ）件数和其特殊标志和号码；
（ｇ）The number of packages and their special marks and numbers;
（ｈ）货物毛重或以其它方式表示的数量；
（ｈ）The gross weight of the goods or their quantity otherwise expressed;
 （ｉ）与运输有关的费用（运输费用、附加费用、关税和从签订合同到交货期间发生的其它费用）；
（ｉ）Charges relating to the carriage (carriage charges, supplementary charges, customs duties and other charges incurred from the making of the contract to the time of delivery);
（ｊ）办理海关和其它手续所必须的通知；
（ｊ）The requisite instructions for Customs and other formalities;
（ｋ）不管有任何相反条款，该运输必须遵照本公约各项规定的说明。
（ｋ）A statement that the carriage is subject, notwithstanding any clause to the contrary, to the provisions of this Convention.
 
２．如可适用，运单也应包括下列事项：
2. Where applicable, the consignment note shall also contain the following particulars
（ａ）不允许转运的说明；（ａ）A statement that trans-shipment is not allowed;
（ｂ）发货人负责支付的费用；（ｂ）Then charges which the sender undertakes to pay;
（ｃ）“现款交货”费用的金额；（ｃ）The amount of “cash on delivery” charges;
（ｄ）货物价值和交货优惠利息金额的声明；
（ｄ）A declaration of the value of the goods and the amount representing special interest in delivery;
（ｅ）发货人关于货物保险所给予承运人的指示；
（ｅ）The sender's instructions to the carrier regarding insurance of the goods;
（ｆ）议定的履行运输的时效期限；
（ｆ）The agreed time limit within which the carriage is to be carried out;
（ｇ）交付承运人的单据清单。（ｇ）A list of the documents handed to the carrier.
 
３．缔约国可在运单上列上他们认为有用的其它事项。
3. The parties may enter in the consignment note any other particulars which they may deem useful.
 
第七条　Article 7
１．发货人应对由于下列事项不确切或不当致使承运人所遭受的所有费用、灭失和损坏负责：
1. The sender shall be responsible for all expenses, loss and damage sustained by the carrier by reason of the inaccuracy or inadequacy of:
 
（ａ）在第六条第１款（ｂ）（ｄ）（ｅ）（ｆ）（ｇ）（ｈ）和（ｊ）项所列事项；
（ａ）The particulars specified in article 6, paragraph 1, (b), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h) and (j);
（ｂ）第六条第２款所列事项；
（ｂ）The particular specified in article 6, paragraph 2;
（ｃ）发货人为使运单签发或目的在于将其列入运单而给予的任何其它事项或指示。
（ｃ）Any other particulars or instructions given by him to enable the consignment note to be made out or for the purpose of their being entered therein.
 
２．如果应发货人要求，承运人将本条第１款所述事项列入运单，除非有相反证明，则承运人应被视为他已代表发货人如此办理。
2. If, at the request of the sender, the carrier enters in the consignment note the particulars referred to in paragraph 1 of this article, he shall be deemed, unless the contrary is proved, to have done so on behalf of the sender.
 
３．如果运单未包含第六条第１款（ｋ）项所列的说明，承运人应对由于有权处置货物者的不行为所遭受的所有费用、灭失和损坏负责。
3. If the consignment note does not contain the statement specified in article 6, paragraph 1 (k), the carrier shall be liable for all expenses, loss and damage sustained through such omission by the person entitled to dispose of the goods.
 
第八条　Article 8
１．当接管货物时，承运人应核对：1. On taking over the goods, the carrier shall check:
 
（ａ）在运单中对件数及其标志和号码申报的准确性；
（ａ）The accuracy of the statements in the consignment note as to the number of pack
ages and their marks and numbers, and
（ｂ）货物的外表状况及其包装。（ｂ）The apparent condition of the goods and their packaging.
２．当承运人对本条第一款（ａ）项所述的准确性无合理的核对方法，他应将他的保留条件连同其理由记入运单。同样，他应对货物外表状况及其包装所作出的任何保留说明理由。除非发货人在运单上明确同意受此种保留所制约，否则此种保留对发货人不应有约束力。
2. Where the carrier has no reasonable means of checking the accuracy of e statements referred to in paragraph 1 (a) of this article, he shall enter his reservations in the consignment note together with the grounds on which they are based. He shall likewise specify the grounds for any reservations which he makes with regard to the apparent condition of the goods and their packaging, such reservations shall not bind the sender unless he has expressly agreed to be bound by them in the consignment note.
 
３．发货人应有权要求承运人核对货物的毛重或以其他方式表示的数量。他也可要求对货物的内容进行核对。承运人应有权对此种核对产生的费用提出索赔。核对结果应记入运单中。
3. The sender shall be entitled to require the carrier to check the gross weight the goods or their quantity otherwise expressed. He may also require the contents of the packages to be checked. The carrier shall be entitled to claim the cost of such checking. The result of the checks shall be entered in the consignment note.
 
第九条Article 9
１．运单应是运输合同成立、合同条件和承运人收到货物的初步证据。
1. The consignment note shall be prima facie evidence of the making of the contract of carriage, the conditions of the contract and the receipt of the goods by the carrier.
 
２．如运单中未包含承运人的特殊保留条件，除非有相反证明，则应认为当承运人接管货物时，货物和包装外表状况良好，件数、标志和号码与在运单中的说明相符。
2. If the consignment note contains no specific reservations by the carrier, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that the goods and their packaging appeared to be in good condition when the carrier took them over and that the number of packages, their marks and numbers corresponded with the statements in the consignment note.
 
第十条　Article 10
除非承运人接管货物时其包装不良是明显的或承运人知道其缺陷却未对此作出保留，否则由于货物包装不良对人员、设备或其它因素不予负责，他仅应对本条中造成灭失、损坏或延迟他应负责范围内的那些因素负责。
The sender shall be liable to the carrier for damage to persons, equipment or other goods, and for any expenses due to defective packing of the goods, unless the defect
was apparent or known to the carrier at the time when he took over the goods and he made no reservations concerning it.
 
第十一条　Article 11
１．为在交付货物前办妥海关或其它手续，发货人应在运单后随附必需单证或将其交承运人支配和提供承运人所需全部情况。
1. For the purposes of the Customs or other formalities which have to be completed before delivery of the goods, the sender shall attach the necessary documents to the consignment note or place them at the disposal of the carrier and shall furnish him with all the information which he requires.
 
２．承运人无责任调查这些单证和情况是否准确或适当。除非是由于承运人的错误行为或过失，对由于这些单证和情况的短缺或不正规所引起的损坏，发货人应向承运人负责。
2. The carrier shall not be under any duty to enquire into either the accuracy or the adequacy of such documents and information. The sender shall be liable to the carrier for any damage caused by the absence, inadequacy or irregularity of such documents and information, except in the case of some wrongful act or neglect on the part of the carrier.
 
３．承运人对运单所规定的和跟随运单的或交存承运人的这些单证，由于灭失或不正确的使用所引起的后果承担一个代理所负的责任，但承运人所支付的赔偿以不超过如货物灭失所支付的赔偿为条件。
3. The liability of the carrier for the consequences arising from the loss or incorrect use of the documents specified in and accompanying the consignment note or deposited with the carrier shall be that of an agent, provided that the compensation payable by the carrier shall not exceed that payable in the event of loss of the goods.
 
第十二条　Article 12
１．发货人有权处置货物，特别是以要求承运人停止在途货物运输的方式来改变货物交付地点或将货物交付给非运单所指定的收货人。
1. The sender has the right to dispose of the goods, in particular by asking the carrier to stop the goods in transit, to change the place at which delivery is to take place or to deliver the goods to a consignee other than the consignee indicated in the consignment note.
 
２．当第二份运单交给收货人时或当收货人按第十三条第１款行使其权利时，则该权利即告终止。此自以后，承运人应听从收货人的指令。
2. This right shall cease to exist when the second copy of the consignment note is handed to the consignee or when the consignee exercises his right under article 13,
paragraph 1; from that time onwards the carrier shall obey the orders of the consignee.
 
３．收货人有权自运单签发之时起处置货物，如果发货人在运单中注明有如此说明。
3. The consignee shall, however, have the right of disposal from the time when the consignment note is drawn up, if the sender makes an entry to that effect in the consignment note.
 
４．如收货人在行使其处置货物的权利时，已指示将货物交给另一方，那末其它人无权再指定其它收货人。
4. If in exercising his right of disposal the consignee has ordered the delivery of the goods to another person, that other person shall not be entitled to name other consignees.
 
５．行使处置权应遵照下列条件：
5. The exercise of the right of disposal shall be subject to the following conditions:
（ａ）发货人或如在本条第３款所述情况下拟行使权利的收货人出示上面已列明对承运人的新指示的第一份运单和向承运人赔偿由于执行该指示所涉及的所有费用、灭失或损坏。
（ａ）That the sender or, in the case referred to in paragraph 3 of this article, the consignee who wishes to exercise the right produces the first copy of the consignment note on which the new instructions to the carrier have been entered and indemnifies the carrier against all expenses, loss and damage involved in carrying out such instructions;
（ｂ）当指示到达执行人手中时执行该指示是可能的，同时既不干扰承运人的正常工作的进行，也不妨碍其它货物的发货人或收货人；
（ｂ）That the carrying out of such instructions is possible at the time when the instructions reach the person who is to carry them out and does not either interfere with the normal working of the carriers' undertaking or prejudice the senders or consignees of other consignments;
（ｃ）该指示并不造成货物的分票。
（ｃ）That the instructions do not result in a division of the consignment.
 
６．由于本条第５款（ｂ）项的规定，当承运人不能执行收到的指示时，他应立即通知给他该指示的人。
6. When, by reason of the provisions of paragraph 5 (b) of this article, the carrier cannot carry out the instructions which he receives, he shall immediately notify the person who gave him such instructions.
 
７．未执行本条规定的条件中所给予的指示，或已执行指示而未要求出示第一份运单的承运人，应对由此而引起的任何灭失或损坏向有权提赔人负责。
7. A carrier who has not carried out the instructions given under the conditions provided for in this article or who has carried them out without requiring the first copy of the consignment note to be produced, shall be liable to the person entitled to make a claim for any loss or damage caused thereby.
 
第十三条　Article 13
１．当货物到达指定的交货地点后，收货人有权凭收据要求承运人将第二份运单和货物交给他。如果货物灭失已成立或在第十九条规定的期限届满后货物并未到达，收货人对承运人有权以其自己名义享受运输合同产生的任何权利。
1. After arrival of the goods at the place designated for delivery, the consignee shall be entitled to require the carrier to deliver to him, against a receipt, the second copy of the consignment note and the goods. If the loss of the goods established or if the goods have not arrived after the expiry of the period provided for in article 19, the consignee shall be entitled to enforce in his own name against the carrier any rights arising from the contract of carriage.
 
２．援引本条第１款所授权利的收货人应支付运单中所应支付的费用，但就此事如有争执，除非收货人已担保，否则不应要求承运人交付货物。
2. The consignee who avails himself of the rights granted to him under paragraph 1 of this article shall pay the charges shown to be due on the consignment note, but in the event of dispute on this matter the carrier shall not be required to deliver the goods unless security has been furnished by the consignee.
 
第十四条　Article 14
１．如果由于某种原因或者根据运单规定的条件，在货物到达指定交货地点前执行合同已经或成为不可能，承运人应按第十二条规定从有权处置货物者处取得指示。
1. If for any reason it is or becomes impossible to carry out the contract in accordance with the terms laid down in the consignment note before the goods reach the place designated for delivery, the carrier shall ask for instructions from the person entitled to dispose of the goods in accordance with the provisions of article 12.
 
２．但是，如果情况允许按不同于运单规定的条件进行运输和如果承运人不能根据第十二条规定在合理时间内从有权处置货物者处取得指示，他应采取他认为对有权处置货物者最有利的措施。
2. Nevertheless, if circumstances are such as to allow the carriage to be carried out under conditions differing from those laid down in the consignment note and if the carrier has been unable to obtain instructions in reasonable time the person entitled to dispose of the goods in accordance with the provisions of article 12, he shall take such steps as seem to him to be in the best interests the person entitled to dispose of the goods
 
第十五条　Article 15
１．如果货物到达指定交付地点后的情况妨碍货物交付，承运人应要求发货人给予指示。如果收货人拒绝接货，发货人应有权处置货物而无需出示第一份运单。
1. Where circumstances prevent delivery of the goods after their arrival at the place designated for delivery, the carrier shall ask the sender for his instructions. If the consignee refuses the goods the sender shall be entitled to dispose of them without being obliged to produce the first copy of the consignment note.
 
２．即使收货人已拒绝接货，但只要承运人未从发货人处收到相反的指示，收货人仍可要求交货。
2. Even if he has refused the goods, the consignee may nevertheless require delivery so long as the carrier has not received instructions to the contrary from the sender.
 
３．当收货人行使第十二条第３款的权利而指示将货物交付另一人后发生交货受阻的情况，本条第１、２款应适用，一如该收货人是发货人，另一人是收货人。
3. When circumstances preventing delivery of the goods arise after the consignee, in exercise of his rights under article 12, paragraph 3, has given an order for the goods to be delivered to another person, paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article shall apply as if the consignee were the sender and that other person were the consignee.
 
第十六条　Article 16
１．除非要求得到指示和执行该项指示而发生的费用是由于承运人的错误行为或疏忽所引起，否则承运人应有权享受偿还该费用的权利。
1. The carrier shall be entitled to recover the cost of his request for instructions and any expenses entailed in carrying out such instructions, unless such expenses were caused by the wrongful act or neglect of the carrier.
 
２．在第十四条第１款和第十五条所述的情况下，承运人可为有权处置货物者立即卸货，自此以后运输应视作终结。然后，承运人应代表有权处置货物者掌管货物。但承运人也可将货物委托给第三方掌管，在那种情况下，他除履行合理谨慎选择第三方的责任外，不负任何其它责任。在运单中应付的费用和所有其它费用应以货物担保。
2. In the cases referred to in article 14, paragraph 1, and in article 15, the carrier may immediately unload the goods for account of the person entitled to dispose of
them and thereupon the carriage shall be deemed to be at an end. The carrier shall
then hold the goods on behalf of the person so entitled. He may, however, entrust
them to a third party, and in that case he shall not be under any liability except for the exercise of reasonable care in the choice of such third party. The charges due under the consignment note and all other expenses shall remain chargeable against
the goods.
 
３．如果货物易腐或货物的状况证明如此、或当栈租费将超过货物的价值，承运人可出售货物而无需等待有权处置货物者的指示。在其它情况下，如果在合同期限届满后，承运人未从有权处置货物者处收到要求他合理执行的相反的指示，他也可将货物进行出售。
3. The carrier may sell the goods, without awaiting instructions from the person entitled to dispose of them, if the goods are perishable or their condition warrants such a course, or when the storage expenses would be out of proportion to the value of the goods. He may also proceed to the sale of the goods in other cases if after the expiry of a reasonable period he has not received from the person entitled to dispose of the goods instructions to the contrary which he may reasonably be required to carry out.
 
４．如货物已按照本条被出售，在出售的货款中扣除由货方承担之费用后的余额应归有权处置货物者所支配。如果这些费用超过货款，承运人应有享受其差额的权利。
4. If the goods have been sold pursuant to this article, the proceeds of sale, after deduction of the expenses chargeable against the goods, shall be placed at the disposal of the person entitled to dispose of the goods. If these charges exceed the proceeds of sale, the carrier shall be entitled to the difference.
 
５．出售货物的手续应由货物所在地的法律或习惯来确定。
5. The procedure in the case of sale shall be determined by the law or custom of the place where the goods are situated.
 
第四章　承运人的责任Chapter IV - Liability of the Carrier
第十七条　Article 17
１．承运人应对自货物接管之时起到交付时止发生的全部或部分灭失和损坏以及货物交付中的任何延迟负责。
1. The carrier shall be liable for the total or partial loss of the goods and for damage thereto occurring between the time when he takes over the goods and the time of delivery, as well as for any delay in delivery.
 
２．但如果货物灭失、损坏或延迟是由于索赔人的错误行为或过失，是由于索赔人的指示而不是由于承运人的错误行为或过失、由于货物的固有缺陷或承运人不能避免的情况和承运人不能防止的结果所造成，承运人应免除责任。
2. The carrier shall, however, be relieved of liability if the loss, damage or delay was caused by the wrongful act or neglect of the claimant, by the instructions of the claimant given otherwise than as the result of a wrongful act or neglect on the part of the carrier, by inherent vice of the goods or through circumstances which the carrier could not avoid and the consequences of which he was unable to prevent.
 
３．对由于为履行运输而使用之车辆的不良状况或由于承运人已租用其车辆的人或他的代理人或他的受雇人的错误行为或过失，承运人不应免除责任。
3. The carrier shall not be relieved of liability by reason of the defective condition of the vehicle used by him in order to perform the carriage, or by reason of the wrongful act or neglect of the person from whom he may have hired the vehicle or of the agents or servants of the latter.
 
４．遵照第十八条第２至第５款，当货物的灭失或损坏是在下述一种或一种以上情况中产生的特殊风险所引起的，承运人应予免责：
4. Subject to article 18, paragraphs 2 to 5, the carrier shall be relieved of liability when the loss or damage arises from the special risks inherent in one more of the following circumstances:
 
（ａ）当已在运单中明确议定和规定使用无盖敞车。
（ａ） Use of open unsheeted vehicles, when their use has been expressly agreed and specified in the consignment note;
（ｂ）如货物根据其性质，在无包装或未予妥善包装时易于损耗或损坏的情况下，无包装或包装不良；
（ｂ）The lack of, or defective condition of packing in the case of goods which, by their nature, are liable to wastage or to be damaged when not packed or when not properly packed;
（ｃ）由发货人、收货人或代表发货人或收货人所从事的货物搬运、装载、积载和卸载；
（ｃ）Handling, loading, stowage or unloading of the goods by the sender, the consignee or person acting on behalf of the sender or the consignee;
（ｄ）特别是由于断裂、生锈、腐烂、干燥、渗漏、正常损耗或虫蛀特易造成全部灭失或部分灭失或损坏的某些货物的性质；
（ｄ）The nature of certain kinds of goods which particularly exposes them to total or partial loss or to damage, especially through breakage, rust, decay, desiccation, leakage, normal wastage, or the action of moth or vermin;
（ｅ）包装上标志或号码不足或不当；
（ｅ）Insufficiency or inadequacy of marks or numbers on the packages;
（ｆ）承运活动物。（ｆ）The carriage of livestock.
５．根据本条，承运人对造成货物灭失、损坏或延迟的某些因其它货物的损坏以及由此所引的任何费用，发货人应对承运人负责。
5. Where under this article the carrier is not under any liability in respect some of the factors causing the loss, damage or delay, he shall only be liable the extent that those factors for which he is liable under this article have contributed to the loss, damage or delay.
 
第十八条　Article 18
１．对第十七条第２款所规定的原因之一所引起的灭失、损坏或延迟，承运人应负举证责任。
1. The burden of proving that loss, damage or delay was due to one of the specified in article 17, paragraph 2, shall rest upon the carrier.
 
２．当承运人确定案情中的灭失或损坏能归因于第十七条第４款所述的一种或一种以上的特殊风险，则应推定就是这样引起的。但索赔人有权证明灭失或损坏事实上不是全部或部分归因于这些风险之一。
2. When the carrier establishes that in the circumstances of the case, the loss damage could be attributed to one or more of the special risks referred to in article 17, paragraph 4, it shall be presumed that it was so caused. The claimant shall, however, be entitled to prove that the loss or damage was not, in fact, attributable either wholly or partly to one of these risks.
 
３．如有大量短少或整件的灭失，此种推定不应适用于第十七条第４款（ａ）项中所述情况。
3. This presumption shall not apply in the circumstances set out in article 17, paragraph 4 (a), if there has been an abnormal shortage, or a loss of any package.
 
４．如货物由装有特殊设备以便保护货物不受热、冷、温度变化或空气湿度影响的汽车承运，除非承运人证明他对这种设备的选择、维修和使用的情况均已采取了理应采取的所有措施和已按照给予他的特别指示行事，否则承运人无权享受索赔第十七条第４款（ｄ）项规定的利益。
4. If the carriage is performed in vehicles specially equipped to protect the goods from the effects of heat, cold, variations in temperature or the humidity of the air, the carrier shall not be entitled to claim the benefit of article 17, paragraph 4 (d), unless he proves that all steps incumbent on him in the circumstances with respect to the choice, maintenance and use of such equipment were taken and that he complied with any special instructions issued to him.
 
５．除非承运人证明，根据情况他已采取了一般理应采取的所有措施和已按给予他的特别指示行事，否则承运人无权享受第十七条第４款（ｆ）项的利益。
5. The carrier shall not be entitled to claim the benefit of article 17, paragraph 4 (f), unless he proves that all steps normally incumbent on him in the circumstances were taken and that he complied with any special instructions issued to him.
 
第十九条　Article 19　当货物未能在议定的时效期限内交货，或虽无此种议定时效期限，在考虑到实际情况后，运输的实际期限，特别是分票运输，在通常情况下组成整票货物所需要的时间超过了允许一个勤勉承运人的合理的时间，则视为延迟交付发生。
Delay in delivery shall be said to occur when the goods have not been delivered within the agreed time-limit or when, failing an agreed time-limit, the actual duration of the carriage having regard to the circumstances of the case, and in particular, in the case of partial loads, the time required for making up a complete load in the normal way, exceeds the time it would be reasonable to allow a diligent carrier.
 
第二十条　Article 20
１．在议定期限届满后三十天内或如无议定期限，从承运人接管货物时起六十天之内货物未交付的事实应视为货物灭失的最终证明，所以有权提出索赔的人可视货物已经灭失。
1. The fact that goods have not been delivered within thirty days following the expiry of the agreed time-limit, or, if there is no agreed time-limit, within sixty days from the time when the carrier took over the goods, shall be conclusive evidence of the loss of the goods, and the person entitled to make a claim may thereupon treat them as lost.
 
２．有权提赔人在收到对灭失货物的赔偿时，可提出书面要求－－在赔偿支付后一年期间如货物被找到，应立即给他通知。对他的此种要求应给予书面确认。
2. The person so entitled may, on receipt of compensation for the missing goods, request in writing that he shall be notified immediately should the goods be recovered in the course of the year following the payment of compensation. He shall be given a written acknowledgement of such request.
 
３．在接到通知书后三十天之内，在交付运单上应付费用和退还他收到的赔偿金（减运其中包括的费用）后，上述有权提赔人可要求将货物交付给他，但不损害第二十三条中交货延迟赔偿的任何索赔和如可适用的第二十六条。
3. Within the thirty days following receipt of such notification, the person entitled as aforesaid may require the goods to be delivered to him against payment of the charges shown to be due on the consignment note and also against refund of the compensation he received less any charges included therein but without prejudice to any claims to compensation for delay in delivery under article 23 and where applicable, article 26.
 
４．如无第２款提及的要求或在第３款所述三十天期间无任何指示或在赔款支付超过一年后货物仍未找到，承运人有权根据货物所在地的法律处理该货物。
4. In the absence of the request mentioned in paragraph 2 or of any instructions given within the period of thirty days specified in paragraph 3, or if the goods are not recovered until more than one year after the payment of compensation , the carrier shall be entitled to deal with them in accordance with the law place where the goods are situated.
 
第二十一条  Article 21 　如果货物已被交付收货人而未按运输合同条款收取承运人应收取的“现款交货”费用，承运人应向发货人负责赔偿不超过该费用的金额，此种赔偿不妨碍他对收货人的诉讼权利。
Should the goods have been delivered to the consignee without collection of the “cash on delivery” charge which should have been collected by the carrier under terms of the contract of carriage, the carrier shall be liable to the sender for compensation not exceeding the amount of such charge without prejudice to his right of action against the consignee.
 
 第二十二条　Article 22
１．当发货人把有危险性质的货物交付承运人，他应将危险的确切性质通知承运人和如有必要时指出应采取的预防措施。如此种情况并未列入运单，发货人或收货人可通过一些其它方式负责举证证明承运人了解由该货物运输所造成危险的确切性质。
1. When the sender hands goods of a dangerous nature to the carrier, he shall inform the carrier of the exact nature of the danger and indicate if necessary, precautions
to be taken. If this information has not been entered in the consignment note, the
burden of proving, by some other means, that the carrier knew the exact nature of the danger constituted by the carriage of the said goods shall rest upon the sender or the consignee.
 
２．在本条第１款所述情况下，承运人不知道货物的危险性质，则危险货物可能随时随地由承运人卸载、销毁或使之无害而无需给予赔偿；再者，发货人应对接管或运输引起的所有费用、灭失或损坏负责。
2. Goods of a dangerous nature which, in the circumstance referred to in paragraph 1 of this article, the carrier did not know were dangerous, may, at any time or place, be unloaded, destroyed or rendered harmless by the carrier without compensation; further, the sender shall be liable for all expenses, loss or damage arising out of their handing over for carriage or of their carriage.
 
第二十三条　Article 23
１．如果根据本公约规定，承运人负责赔偿货物的全部和部分灭失时，这种赔偿应参照接运地点和时间货物的价值进行计算。
1. When, under the provisions of this Convention, a carrier is liable for compensation in respect of total or partial loss of goods, such compensation shall be calculated by reference to the value of the goods at the place and time at which they were accepted for carriage.
 
２．货物的价值应根据商品交易所价格，或无此种价格则根据现行市价，或如无商品交易所价格或现行市份，则参照同类、同品质货物的通常货价决定。
2. The value of the goods shall be fixed according to the commodity exchange price or, if there is no such price, according to the current market price or, if there is no commodity exchange price or current market price, by reference to normal value of goods of the same kind and quality.
 
３．但该短缺的赔偿额毛重每公斤不超过２５法郎。“法郎”意指重１０／３１克，其黄金纯度为千分之９００的金法郎。
3. Compensation shall not, however, exceed 25 francs per kilogram of gross weight
short. “Franc” means the gold franc weighing 10/31 of a gramme and being of millesimal fineness 900.
 
４．此外，如果货物全部灭失，运输费用、关税和有关货物运输发生的其它费用应全部偿还；如货物部分灭失，则按遭受灭失部分的比例偿还，但不付另外的损坏费用。
4. In addition, the carriage charges, Customs duties and other charges incurred in respect of the carriage of the goods shall be refunded in full in case of total loss and in proportion to the loss sustained in case of partial loss, but no further damage shall be payable.
 
５．在延迟情况下，如索赔人证明损坏是由此引起的，承运人应支付该损坏不超过运输费用的赔偿。
5. In the case of delay if the claimant proves that damage has resulted therefrom the carrier shall pay compensation for such damage not exceeding the carriage charges.
 
６．只有在货物的价值或交货的优惠利息已根据第二十四条和第二十六条作申报时，才可索赔较高赔偿额。
6. Higher compensation may only be claimed where the value of the goods or a special interest in delivery has been declared in accordance with articles 24 and 26.
 
第二十四条　Article 24　发货人凭支付双方议定的附加费，可在运单上申报超过第二十三条第３款所规定的限额的货物价值。在此情况下，申报的金额应代替该限额。
The sender may, against payment of a surcharge to be agreed upon, declare in the consignment note a value for the goods exceeding the limit laid down in article 23,
paragraph 3, and in that case the amount of the declared value shall be substituted for that limit.
 
第二十五条　Article 25
１．如果货物损坏，承运人应对货物降低价值的该部分金额负责，其计算则参照第二十三条第１、２和４款确定的货物价值。
1. In case of damage, the carrier shall be liable for the amount by which the goods have diminished in value, calculated by reference to the value of the goods fixed in accordance with article 23, paragraphs 1, 2 and 4.
 
２．但赔偿不可超过：2. The compensation may not, however, exceed:
（ａ）如整票货物损坏，在全部灭失情况下所支付的金额；
（ａ）If the whole consignment has been damaged, the amount payable in the case of total loss;
（ｂ）如仅部分货物损坏，在部分灭失情况下所支付的金额。
（ｂ）If part only of the consignment has been damaged, the amount payable in the case of loss of the part affected.
 
第二十六条　Article 26
１．如果货物灭失或损坏或超过议定时效期限，则发货人凭支付议定的附加费，
可以将金额列入运单的方式来确定交货时的优惠利息的金额。
1. The sender may, against payment of a surcharge to be agreed upon, fix the amount of a special interest in delivery in the case of loss or damage or of the agreed time-limit being exceeded, by entering such amount in the consignment note.
 
２．不论在第二十三、二十四和二十五条中关于赔偿如何规定，如交货优惠利息一经申报，已证明的额外灭失或损坏的赔偿直至申报利息的全部金额可予索赔。
2. If a declaration of a special interest in delivery has been made, compensation for the additional loss or damage proved may be claimed, up to the total amount of the interest declared, independently of the compensation provided for in articles 23, 24 and 25.
 
第二十七条　Article 27
１．索赔人应有权索赔应付赔偿金的利息。按年利率百分之五计算的利息应从
向承运人书面提出索赔之日起，或未提出索赔则从法律诉讼之日起计算。
1. The claimant shall be entitled to claim interest on compensation payable. Such interest, calculated at five per centum per annum, shall accrue from the date on which the claim was sent in writing to the carrier or, if no such claim has been made, from the date on which legal proceedings were instituted.
 
２．计算赔偿额如不是按提赔国家的货币来表示时，则应按照赔偿支付地当天所采用的兑换率来换算。
2. When the amounts on which the calculation of the compensation is based are not expressed in the currency of the country in which payment is claimed, conversion shall be at the rate of exchange applicable on the day and at the place of payment of compensation.
 
第二十八条　Article 28
１．根据适用的法律，本公约内运输所引起的灭失、损坏或延迟导致的合同以外的索赔，承运人可援引免除其责任或确定或限制赔偿金的本公约的规定。
1. In cases where, under the law applicable, loss, damage or delay arising out of carriage under this Convention gives rise to an extra-contractual claim, the carrier may avail himself of the provisions of this Convention which exclude his liability of which fix or limit the compensation due.
 
２．按第三条规定，如承运人对应予负责的某一方的货物的灭失、损坏或延迟的合同以外的责任有争议，该承运人也可援引免除承运人责任或确定或限制赔偿金的本公约的规定。
2. In cases where the extra-contractual liability for loss, damage or delay of one of the persons for whom the carrier is responsible under the terms of article 3 is in issue, such person may also avail himself of the provisions of this Convention which exclude the liability of the carrier or which fix or limit the compensation due.
 
第二十九条　Article 29　１．如损坏不是由承运人的故意不当行为或根据受理该案的法院或法庭的法律认为相当于故意不当行为的承运人的过失所引起，则承运人无权援引免除或限制他的责任或推卸举证责任的本章的规定。
1. The carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of this chapter which exclude or limit his liability or which shift the burden of proof if the damage was caused by his wilful misconduct or by such default on his part as, in accordance with the law of the court or tribunal seised of the case, is considered as equivalent to willful misconduct.
 
２．如果故意不当行为或过失是由承运人的代理人或受雇人或为履行运输他所利用其服务的其它人所作，当这些代理人、受雇人或其它人是在其受雇范围内行事时，则同样规定应予适用。再者，在这种情况下，该代理人、受雇人或其它人无权就其个人责任援引第１款本章的规定。
2. The same provision shall apply if the wilful misconduct or default is committed by the agents or servants of the carrier or by any other persons of whose services he makes use for the performance of the carriage, when such agents, servants or other
persons are acting within the scope of their employment. Furthermore, in such a case
such agents, servants or other persons shall not be entitled to avail themselves, with regard to their personal liability, of the provisions of this chapter referred to in paragraph 1.
 
第五章　索赔和诉讼Chapter V - Claims and Actions
第三十条Article 30
１．如果收货人接管货物时未与承运人及时检验货物状况或如有明显的灭失或损坏，在不迟于交货的时候，如灭失或损坏不明显，在交货后七日内（星期日和例假日除外）未向承运人提出保留说明灭失或损坏的一般性质，则接收货物的事实应作为他收到运单上所载明的货物的初步证据。如货物灭失或损坏不明显，则所述保留应用书面作出。
1. If the consignee takes delivery of the goods without duly checking their condition with the carrier or without sending him reservations giving a general indication of the loss or damage, not later than the time of delivery in the case of apparent loss or damage and within seven days of delivery, Sundays and public holidays excepted, in the case of loss or damage which is not apparent, the fact of this taking delivery shall be prima facie, evidence that he has received the goods in the condition described in the consignment note. In the case of loss or damage which is not apparent the reservations referred to shall be made in writing.
 
２．当货物的状况已经收货人和承运人及时检验，只有在灭失或损坏不明显而且收货人在检验之日起七日内（星期日和例假日除外）已向承运人及时提出书面保留的情况下，才允许提出与本检验结果相反的证据。
2. When the condition of the goods has been duly checked by the consignee and the carrier, evidence contradicting the result of this checking shall only be admissible in the case of loss or damage which is not apparent and provided that the consignee has duly sent reservations in writing to the carrier within seven days, Sundays and public holidays excepted, from the date of checking.
 
３．除非自货物置于收货人处置时起二十一天内已向承运人提出书面保留，否则交货延迟不予赔偿。
3. No compensation shall be payable for delay in delivery unless a reservation has
been sent in writing to the carrier, within twenty-one days from the time that the goods were placed at the disposal of the consignee.
 
４．在计算本条规定的时效期限时，根据实际情况，交货日或检验日或将货物置于收货人处理之日，不应包括在时效期限内。
4. In calculating the time-limits provided for in this article the date of delivery, or the date of checking, or the date when the goods were placed at the disposal of the consignee, as the case may be, shall not be included.
 
５．承运人和收货人应相互为进行必需的调查和检验提供各种合理的方便。
5. The carrier and the consignee shall give each other every reasonable facility for making the requisite investigations and checks.
 
第三十一条　Article 31
１．本公约中运输所引起的诉讼，原告可在双方协议约定的缔约国的任何法院和法庭提起，也可以在下列地点所属的国家的法院或法庭提起：
1. In legal proceedings arising out of carriage under this Convention, the plaintiff may bring an action in any court or tribunal of a contracting country designated by agreement between the parties and, in addition, in the courts or tribunals of a country within whose territory:
 
（ａ）被告的通常住所或主要营业所、或者经手订立合同的分支机构或代理机构的所在地；或
（ａ）The defendant is ordinarily resident, or has his principal place of business, or the branch or agency through which the contract of carriage was made, or
（ｂ）承运人接管货物的地点或指定的交货地点。　而不得在其它法院或法庭起诉。
（ｂ）The place where the goods were taken over by the carrier or the place designated for delivery is situated.
 
２．关于本条第１款所述索赔，如已向根据该款有管辖权的法院或法庭提起诉讼或此类法院或法庭已就此项索赔作出判决，除非受理第一次诉讼的法院或法庭的判决在提起新诉讼的国家不能执行，否则相同当事人之间不得基于相同理由提起新的诉讼。
2. Where in respect of a claim referred to in paragraph 1 of this article an
action is pending before a court or tribunal competent under that paragraph, or where
in respect of such a claim a judgement has been entered by such a court or tribunal
no new action shall be started between the same parties on the same grounds unless
the judgement of the court or tribunal before which the first action was brought is not enforceable in the country in which the fresh proceedings are brought.
 
３．如果就本条第１款所述的任何诉讼，由一个缔约国的法院或法庭作出的判决在该国已经生效而可以执行，一旦在任何其它缔约国办妥所需手续，该判决也可以在该缔约国执行。所需手续不应涉及审理案件的实质问题。
3. When a judgement entered by a court or tribunal of a contracting country in any such action as is referred to in paragraph 1 of this article has become enforceable in that country, it shall also become enforceable in each of the other contracting States, as soon as the formalities required in the country concerned have been complied with. These formalities shall not permit the merits of the case to be re-opened.
 
４．本条第３款规定适用于审理后的判决、缺席判决和法院裁定所确认的和解，但不适用于临时判决或使全部或部分败诉的原告赔偿诉讼费用以外的损失的决定。
4. The provisions of paragraph 3 of this article shall apply to judgements after trial, judgements by default and settlements confirmed by an order of the court, but shall not apply to interim judgements or to awards of damages, in addition to costs against a plaintiff who wholly or partly fails in his action.
 
５．对本公约运输所引起的诉讼，不应向在缔约国之一有住所或营业所的任何缔约国国民要求费用担保。
5. Security for costs shall not be required in proceedings arising out of carriage under this Convention from nationals of contracting countries resident or having their place of business in one of those countries.
 
第三十二条Article 32
１．按照本公约运输所引起的诉讼，其时效期限是一年，但如是故意的不当行为，或根据受理案件的法院或法庭地的法律认为过失与故意的不当行为相等同时，时效期限为三年。时效期限开始起算的时间是：
1. The period of limitation for an action arising out of carriage under this Convention shall be one year. Nevertheless, in the case of wilful misconduct, or such default as in accordance with the law of the court or tribunal seised of the case, is considered as equivalent to wilful misconduct, the period of limitation shall be three years. The period of limitation shall begin to run:
 
（ａ）如货物系部分灭失、损坏或交货延迟，自交货之日起算；
（ａ）In the case of partial loss, damage or delay in delivery, from the date of delivery;
 
（ｂ）如系全部灭失，以议定的交货期限届满后第三十天，或如无议定的交货期限，则从承运人接管货物之日起第六十天开始起算；
（ｂ）In the case of total loss, from the thirtieth day after the expiry of the agreed time-limit or where there is no agreed time-limit from the sixtieth day from the date on which the goods were taken over by the carrier;
（ｃ）在所有其它情况下，在运输合同订立后满期三个月时起算。　时效期限开始之日不应计算在期限内。
（ｃ） In all other cases, on the expiry of a period of three months after the making of the contract of carriage. The day on which the period of limitation begins to run shall not be included in the period.
 
２．时效期限因提出书面索赔而中止，直至承运人以书面通知拒绝索赔并将所附单据退回之日为止。如索赔的一部分已承认，则时效期限仅应对有争议部分的索赔恢复计算。收到索赔或答复和退回单据的举证应由援引这些事实的当事人负责。
时效期限的计算不应被具有同一标的的进一步主张所中止。
2. A written claim shall suspend the period of limitation until such date as the carrier rejects the claim by notification in writing and returns the documents attached thereto. If a part of the claim is admitted the period of limitation shall start to run again only in respect of that part of the claim still in dispute. The burden of proof of the receipt of the claim, or of the reply and of the return of the documents, shall rest with the party relying upon these facts. The running of the period of limitation shall not be suspended by further claims having the same object.
 
３．除上述的第２款的规定外，时效期限的延长应由受理案件的法院或法庭地的法律决定。该法律也应制约新的诉讼权利的产生。
3. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 above, the extension of the period of limitation shall be governed by the law of the court or tribunal seized of the case. That law shall also govern the fresh accrual of rights of action.
 
４．时效已过的诉讼权利不可以通过反索赔或抵销的方式行使。
4. A right of action which has become barred by lapse of time may not be exercised by way of counterclaim or set-off.
 
第三十三条　Article 33
运输合同可以包含给予仲裁庭管辖权的条款，如果该条款规定仲裁庭应适用本公约。
The contract of carriage may contain a clause conferring competence on an arbitration tribunal if the clause conferring competence on the tribunal provides that the tribunal shall apply this Convention.
 
第六章　连续承运人履行运输合同的规定
Chapter VI - Provisions Relating to Carriage Performed by Successive Carriers
 
第三十四条　Article 34　如受单一合同所制约的运输是由连续公路承运人履行，则其每一承运人为全部营运负责。鉴于其接受货物和运单，第二承运人和每个连续承运人即成为在运单条款中运输合同的当事人一方。
If carriage governed by a single contract is performed by successive road carriers, each of them shall be responsible for the performance of the whole operation, the second carrier and each succeeding carrier becoming a party to the contract of carriage, under the terms of the consignment note, by reason of his acceptance of the goods and the consignment note.
 
第三十五条　Article 35
１．从前一承运人处接受货物的承运人应给前一承运人载有日期和签字的收据，他应在第二份运单上登记他的名字和地址。如适用，他应在第二份运单和收据上列入第八条第２款的规定的那种保留。
1. A carrier accepting the goods from a previous carrier shall give the latter a dated and signed receipt. He shall enter his name and address on the second copy of the consignment note. Where applicable, he shall enter on the second copy of the consignment note and on the receipt reservations of the kind provided for in article 8, paragraph 2.
２．第九条的规定应适用于连续承运人之间的关系。
2. The provisions of article 9 shall apply to the relations between successive carriers.
 
第三十六条Article 36
除基于同一运输合同索赔的诉讼中提出的反索赔或抵销以外，有关灭失、损失或延迟的责任的法律诉讼只可向第一承运人、最后承运人或在发生灭失、损坏或延迟的这一段运输中履行那段运输的承运人提起，一个诉讼可以同时向这些承运人的几个提起。
Except in the case of a counterclaim or a setoff raised in an action concerning a claim based on the same contract of carriage, legal proceedings in respect of liability for loss, damage or delay may only be brought against the first carrier, the last carrier or the carrier who was performing that portion of the carriage during which the event causing the loss, damage or delay occurred, an action may be brought at the same time against several of these carriers.
 
第三十七条Article 37　　
已根据本公约规定支付赔偿的承运人应有权从参加运输的其它承运人处享受取得该赔偿及其利息和由于索赔发生的所有费用，并遵守下列规定：
A carrier who has paid compensation in compliance with the provisions of this Convention, shall be entitled to recover such compensation, together with interest thereon and all costs and expenses incurred by reason of the claim, from the other carriers who have taken part in the carriage, subject to the following provisions:
 
（ａ）对灭失或损坏负责的承运人应单独负责赔偿，不管此赔偿是否由他或另一承运人支付；
（ａ）The carrier responsible for the loss or damage shall be solely liable for the compensation whether paid by himself or by another carrier;
（ｂ）当灭失或损坏是由二个或二个以上承运人的行为所造成时，每个承运人应按其所负责部分按比例进行分摊。
（ｂ）When the loss or damage has been caused by the action of two or more carriers, each of them shall pay an amount proportionate to his share of liability; should it be impossible to apportion the liability, each carrier shall be liable in proportion to the share of the payment for the carriage which is due to him;
（ｃ）如不能确定属于那个承运人的责任，灭失或损坏则应在上款（ｂ）项规定的所有承运人之间按比例分担赔偿。
（ｃ）If it cannot be ascertained to which carriers liability is attributable for the loss or damage, the amount of the compensation shall be apportioned between all the carriers as laid down in (b) above.
 
第三十八条　Article 38　如某一承运人无力偿还，应按支付给其它承运人的运费按比例在其它承运人中分摊他应支付和支未付的赔偿部分。
If one of the carriers is insolvent, the share of the compensation due from him and unpaid by him shall be divided among the other carriers in proportion to the share of the payment for the carriage due to them.
 
第三十九条　Article 39
１．如赔偿金是在诉讼通知书已递交给被告承运人并已给予法庭之后司法当局所决定的，则根据第三十七及三十八条，被告承运人无权对提赔的承运人所提出的支付有效性提出争议。
1. No carrier against whom a claim is made under articles 37 and 38 shall be entitled to dispute the validity of the payment made by the carrier making the claim if the amount of the compensation was determined by judicial authority after the first mentioned carrier had been given due notice of the proceedings and afforded an opportunity of entering an appearance.
 
２．要提起诉讼而行使其追索权的承运人可向有关承运人之一常驻国家的或合同是通过有关承运人在该地的主要营业所或分支机构或代理订立的国家的有管辖权的法院或法庭提出索赔。所有有关承运人均可作为一诉讼中的被告。
2. A carrier wishing to take proceedings to enforce his right of recovery may make his claim before the competent court or tribunal of the country in which one of the carriers concerned is ordinarily resident, or has his principal place of business or the branch or agency through which the contract of carriage was made. All the carriers concerned may be made defendants in the same action.
 
３．第三十一条第３、４款的规定应适用于第三十七和三十八条所述的判决。
3. The provisions of article 31, paragraphs 3 and 4, shall apply to judgements entered in the proceedings referred to in articles 37 and 38.
 
４．第三十二条规定应适用于承运人之间的索赔，但时效期限应从按本公约规定确定支付赔偿金的最终司法判决之日开始计算或如无此种司法判决，则从实际支付之日开始计算。
4. The provisions of article 32 shall apply to claims between carriers. The period of limitation shall, however, begin to run either on the date of the final judicial decision fixing the amount of compensation payable under the provisions of this Convention, or, if there is no such judicial decision, from the actual date of payment.
 
第四十条　Article 40
承运人应有权在他们中间同意第三十七和三十八条以外的其它规定。
Carriers shall be free to agree among themselves on provisions other than those laid down in articles 37 and 38.
 
第七章　违反公约的规定无效
Chapter VII - Nullity of Stipulation to the Convention
第四十一条　Article 41
１．遵照第四十条规定，直接或间接违背本公约的任何规定，概属无效。该规定的无效不涉及合同其它规定的无效。
1. Subject to the provisions of article 40, any stipulation which would directly or indirectly derogate from the provisions of this Convention shall be null and void. The nullity of such a stipulation shall not involve the nullity of the other provisions of the contract.
 
２．特别是给予承运人的保险利益或任何其它类似条款或任何转嫁举证责任的条款，均属无效。
2. In particular, a benefit of insurance in favour of the carrier or any other similar clause, or any clause shifting the burden of proof shall be null and void.
 
第八章　最终条款Chapter VIII - Final Provisions
第四十二条　Article 42
１．本公约向欧洲经济委员会成员国和按委员会职权范围第８款以咨询身份接纳入委员会的国家开放，以供签字或加入。
1. This Convention is open for signature or accession by countries members of the Economic Commission for Europe and countries admitted to the Commission in a consultative capacity under paragraph 8 of the Commission's terms of reference.
 
２．根据欧洲经济委员会职权范围第１１款可能参加委员会某些活动的国家，在本公约生效后通过加入公约可成为本公约的缔约国。
2. Such countries as may participate in certain activities of the Economic Commission for Europe in accordance with paragraph 11 of the Commission's terms of reference
may become Contracting Parties to this Convention by acceding thereto after its entry
into force.
 
３．本公约于１９５６年８月３１日以前开放以便签字。自此以后，则本公约
开放，以便加入。
3. The Convention shall be open for signature until 31 August 1956 inclusive. There- after, it shall be open for accession.
 
４．本公约须经批准。4. This Convention shall be ratified.
 
５．批准或加入书应由联合国秘书长保管。
5. Ratification or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
 
第四十三条Article 43
１．本公约在第四十二条第１款所述五个国家交存批准或加入书后第九十日生效。
1. This Convention shall come into force on the ninetieth day after five of the countries referred to in article 42, paragraph 1, have deposited their instruments of ratification or accession.
 
２．对在五个国家交存其批准和加入书后批准或加入的任何国家，本公约应在该国交存批准或加入书后第九十日起生效。
2. For any country ratifying or acceding to it after five countries have deposited their instruments of ratification of accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the said country has deposited its instrument of ratification or accession.
 
第四十四条　Article 44
１．任何缔约国将其退出要求通知联合国秘书长即可退出本公约。
1. Any Contracting Party may denounce this Convention by so notifying the Secretary- General of the United Nations.
 
２．在秘书长接到退出通知之日起十二个月后，退出应予生效。
2. Denunciation shall take effect twelve months after the date of receipt by the Secretary- General of the notification of denunciation.
 
第四十五条　Article 45　如果在本公约生效后，由于退出因而缔约国数目减少到不足五个，本公约应自最后一个退出生效之日起中止生效。
If, after the entry into force of this Convention, the number of Contracting Parties is reduced, as a result of denunciations, to less than five, the Convention shall cease to be in force from the date in which the last of such denunciations takes effect.
 
第四十六条Article 46
１．任何国家可在交存其批准或加入书时或在此后任何时间，以向联合国秘书长通知的方式宣布本公约应扩展到所有或任何国际关系由其负责的地区。本公约应从秘书长收到通知后第九十日或如当天在本公约还未生效，则自生效之日起，将其适用范围扩展到通知书指定的地区。
1. Any country may, at the time of depositing its instrument of ratification or accession or at any time thereafter, declare by notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations that this Convention shall extend to all or any of the territories for the international relations of which it is responsible. The Convention shall extend to the territory or territories named in the notification as from the ninetieth day after its receipt by the Secretary-General or, if on that day the Convention has not yet entered into force, at the time of its entry into force.
 
２．已按前款作出声明将本公约适用范围扩展到国际关系由它负责的任何地区的任何国家，可根据第四十四条规定声明该地区分别退出本公约。
2. Any country which has made a declaration under the preceding paragraph extending this Convention to any territory for whose international relations it is responsible may denounce the Convention separately in respect of that territory in accordance with the provisions of article 44.
 
第四十七条　Article 47
在二个或二上以上缔约国有关本公约的解释或适用的任何争议，在当事各方不能通过谈判或其它方式解决的情况下，可应有关缔约国任何一方的要求，递交国际法庭解决。
Any dispute between two or more Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation or application of this Convention, which the parties are unable to settle by negotiation or other means may, at the request of any one of the Contracting Parties concerned, be referred for settlement to the International Court of Justice
 
第四十八条　Article 48
１．在签字、批准或加入本公约时，每个缔约国可声明其不受本公约第四十七条所约束，其它缔约国不受有关作出这样保留的缔约国的第四十七条所约束。
1. Each Contracting Party may, at the time of signing, ratifying, or acceding to, this Convention, declare that it does not consider itself as bound by article 47 of the Convention. Other Contracting Parties shall not be bound by article 47 in respect of any Contracting Party which has entered such a reservation.
 
２．任何已作出如第１款所规定之保留的缔约国，可在任何时间以通知联合国秘书长的方式撤销此种保留。
2. Any Contracting Party having entered a reservation as provided for in paragraph 1 may at any time withdraw such reservation by notifying the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
 
３．对本公约不能允许有其它保留。3. No other reservation to this Convention shall be permitted.
 
第四十九条　Article 49
１．在本公约生效三年后，任何缔约国以通知联合国秘书长的方式，要求召集以重新审议公约为目的的会议。秘书长应将此要求通知所有缔约国。如果在秘书长通知后四个月之内，不少于四分之一的缔约国通知秘书长赞同此要求，则应由秘书长召集重新审议的会议。
1. After this Convention has been in force for three years, any Contracting Party may, by notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, request that a conference be convened for the purpose of reviewing the Convention. The Secretary-General shall notify all Contracting Parties of the request and a review conference shall be convened by the Secretary General, not less than one-fourth of the Contracting Parties notify him of their concurrence with the request.
 
２．如果根据上款召开会议，秘书长应通知所有缔约国和要求他们在为期三个月之内提出他们希望会议考虑的这种提案。秘书长应至少在该会议召开之日前三个月将会议的临时议程连同这些提案的文本分发给所有缔约国。
2. If a conference is convened in accordance with the preceding paragraph, the 232
Secretary-General shall notify all the Contracting Parties and invite them to submit
within a period of three months such proposals as they may wish the Conference to
consider. The Secretary-General shall circulate to all Contracting Parties the provisional agenda for the conference together with the texts of such proposals at least three months before the date on which the conference is to meet.
 
３．秘书长应邀请第四十二条第１款所涉及的所有国家和按第四十二条第２款已成为缔约国的国家参加按照本条召开的任何会议。
3. The Secretary-General shall invite to any conference convened in accordance with
this article all countries referred to in article 42, paragraph 1, and countries which have become Contracting Parties under article 42, paragraph 2.
 
第五十条　Article 50　
除第四十九条规定的通知外，联合国秘书长应将下述事项通知第四十二条第１款所述国家和第四十二条第２款所述已成为缔约国的国家：
In addition to the notifications provided for in article 49, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall notify the countries referred to in article 42, paragraph 1, and the countries which have become Contracting Parties under article 42, paragraph 2, of:
 
（ａ）第四十二条中的批准和加入；（ａ）Ratification and accessions under article 42;
（ｂ）根据第四十三条本公约的生效日期；
（ｂ）The dates of entry into force of this Convention in accordance with article 43;
（ｃ）第四十四条中的退出；（ｃ）Denunciations under article 44;
（ｄ）根据第四十五条本公约的中止；
（ｄ）The termination of this Convention in accordance with article 45;
（ｅ）根据第四十六条收到的通知书；
（ｅ）Notifications received in accordance with article 46;
（ｆ）根据第四十八条第１、２款收到的声明和通知书。
（ｆ）Declarations and notifications received in accordance with article 48, paragraphs 1 and 2.
 
第五十一条　Article 51　１９５８年８月３１日后，本公约正本将交存联合国秘书长。他应将已被证明的真实文本分发给第四十二条第１、２款提到的每一国家。为此，下列经正式授权的各签署人，在本公约上签字，以资证明。１９５６年５月１９日订于日内瓦。正本一份，用英文、法文写成。所有文本具有同等效力。
After 31 August 1956, the original of this Convention shall be deposited with the Secretary-general of the United Nations, who shall transmit certified true copies to each of the countries mentioned in article 42, paragraphs 1 and 2.

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