摘要： 313. GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS政府合同 (1) the rules stated in this chapter apply to contracts with a government or governmental agency except to the extent that application would contravene the policy of the law authorizing the contract or pre
§313. GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS政府合同
(1) the rules stated in this chapter apply to contracts with a government or governmental agency except to the extent that application would contravene the policy of the law authorizing the contract or prescribing remedies for its breach
(2) In particular, a promisor who contracts with a government or government al agency to do an act for render a service to the public is not subject to contractual liability to a member of the public for consequential damages resulting from performance or failure to perform unless
(a) the terms of the promise provide for such liability; or
(b) the promisee is subject to liability to the member of the public for the dam ages and a direct action against the promisor is consistent with the terms of t he contract and with the policy of the law authorizing the contract and prescribing remedies for its breach.
(1) 本章的规定适用于与政府缔结的合同或与政府的代理人缔结的合同，但是在适用时不得违反法律有关授权订立合同或违约救济的规定。
(2) 在特殊情况下，为向公众提供服务而与政府或政府的代理人订立合同的允诺人并不就履行或不履行而导致的直接损害向公众之一承担合同责任，除非
(a) 允诺中规定了其应当承担合同责任；或
(b) 受允诺人就这些损害向该公民承担合同责任，并且对该允诺人直接提起诉讼符合合同约定，也符合法律有关授权订立合同或违约救济的规定。
§314. SURETYSHIP DEFENSES受允诺人以存在保证责任而为抗辩
An indeed beneficiary who has an enforceable claim against the promisee is affected by the incidents of the suretyship of the promisee from the time he has knowledge of it.
如果对受允诺人义务存在保证责任，则真正的受益人得知保证责任存在之日起，其强制受允诺人履行义务的请求权受到限制。
§315. EFFET OF A PROMISE OF INCIDENTAL BENEFIT允诺对意外受益人的效力
An incidental beneficiary acquires by virtue of the promise no right against the promisor or the promisee.
意外受益人不得依据允诺获得对允诺人或受允诺人的权利。
CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON
第十五章 合同权利的转让与合同义务的转托
§316. SCOPE OF THIS CHAPTER本章的规定所适用的范围
(1) In this chapter, references to assignment of a right or delegation of a duty or condition, to the obligee or obligor of an assigned right or delegated duty, or to an assignor or assignee, are limited to rights, duties, and conditions arising under a contract or for breach of a contract.
(2) The statement in this Chapter are qualified in some respects by statutory and other rules governing negotiable instruments and documents, relating to interests in land, and affecting other classes of contracts.
(1) 在本章中，有关权利的转让或义务或约因的委托，已转让权利或已委托义务的债权人或债务人，转让人或受让人应受合同所规定的权利、义务以及条件或 者违约的限制。
(2) 本章的规定在某些方面是受有关可转让票据和信用证、土地利益以及其他类型合同的法令或其他规则的限制。
TOPIC 1. WHAT CAN BE ASSIGNED OR DELEGATED
主题一 什么权利可以被转让或义务可以被转托
§317. ASSIGNMENT OF A RIGHT权利的转让
(1) An assignment of right is a manifestation of the assignor’s intention to transfer it by virtue of which the assignor’s rights to performance by the obligor i s extinguished in whole or in part and the assignee acquires a right to such performance.
(2) A contract right can be assigned unless
(a) the substitution of a right of the assignee for the right of the assignor would materially change the duty of the obligor, or materially increase the burden or risk imposed on him by his contract, or materially impair his chance of obtaining return performance, or materially reduce its value to him,. Or
(b) the assignment is forbidden by statute or is otherwise inoperative on grounds of public policy, or
(c) assignment is validly precluded by contract.
(1) 转让合同权利就是转让人将其享有的对债务人履行行为的权利转让给他人，由此转让人享有的转让合同的权利全部或部分地消灭，受让人获得了对债务人履行行为的权利。
(2) 合同权利在下列情况下不可转让：
(a) 转让可能会实质性地改变债务人的义务，或者实质性地增加了债务人的负担或风险，或者实质性地损害了债务人获得相应履行的机会，或者实质性地减少了合同的价金，或
(b) 法令禁止转让合同权利或者依照公共政策，转让在其他方面是无效的，或
(c) 合同中包含了禁止转让的条款。
§318. DELETATION OF PERFORMANCE OF DUTY义务的转托
(1) An obligor can properly delegate the performance of his duty to another unless the delegation is contrary to public policy or the terms of his promise.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed, a promise requires performance by a particular person only to the extent that the obligee has a substantial interest in having that person perform or control the acts promised.
(3) Unless the obligee agrees otherwise, neither delegation of performance nor a contract to assume the duty made with the obligor by the person delegate d discharge any duty or liability of the delegating obligor.
(1) 债务人可以适当地将其所承担的履行义务转托给他人，除非转托行为是违反公共政策或是违反允诺的条款。
(2) 除非双方当事人另有约定，只有在债权人在让原有的债务人履行该义务方面拥有实质性利益时，才必须由原债务人履行合同。
(3) 除非债权人有相反的意思表示，不仅义务的转托，而且被转托人与债务人缔结的承担义务的合同并不解除作出转托的债务人一方的任何义务或责任。
§319. DELEGATION OF PERFORMCE OF CONDITION. 义务转托条件
(1) Where a performance by a person is made a condition of a duty, performance by a person delegated by him satisfies that requirement unless the delegation is contrary to public policy or the terms of the agreement.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed, an agreement requires performance of aconditi on by a particular person only to the extent that the obligor has a substantial interest in having that person perform or control the acts required.
(1) 如果某一个人的履行行为是合同义务履行的条件之一，则除非转托行为违反公共利益或违反合同约定，否则他人就该人所转托义务的履行即为条件的成就。
(2) 除非当事人另约定，只有在债务人在让原有的债权人履行该义务方面拥有实质性利益时，才必须由原有的债权人履行合同。
§320. ASSIGNMENT OF CONDITIONAL RIGHTS附条件权利的转让
The fact that a right is created by an option contract or is conditional on the performance of a return promise or is otherwise conditional does not prevent it s assignment before the condition occurs.
如果某一合同权利是基于选择权合同而享有的，或者是相应履行承诺的条件或 者是附有其他条件，则在条件成就之前，该权利是可以被转让的。
§321. ASSIGNMENT OF FUTURE RIGHTS未来权利的转让
(1) Except as otherwise provided by statute, an assignment of a right to payment expected to arise out of an existing employment or other continuing business relationship is effective in the same way as an assignment of an existing right.
(2) Except as otherwise provided by statute and as stated in subsection (1), a purported assignment of a right expected to arise under a contract not in existence operates only as a promise to assign the right when it arises and as a power to enforce it.
(1) 除了法令另有规定外，如果权利人转让其基于现有的雇佣关系或其他持续的商业关系而期望在将来获得支付的权利，则该转让行为与转让现有权利的行 为一样有效。
(2) 除了法令另有规定和(1) 小节的规定外，转让现在并不存在但是期望在将来 产生的合同权利的主张，在该权利产生时只能是相当于转让权利的允诺和执行该允诺的一种权力。
§322. CONTRACTUAL PROHIBITION OF ASSIGNMENT合同条款对转让的禁止
(1) Unless the circumstances indicate the contrary, a contract term prohibiting assignment of “the contract” bars only the delegation to an assignee of the performance by the assignor of a duty or condition.
(2) A contract term prohibiting assignment of rights under the contract, unless a different intention is manifested,
(a) does not forbid assignment of rights to damages for breach of the whole contract or a right arising out of the assignor’s due performance of his entire obligation;
(b) gives the obligor a right to damages for breach of the terms forbidding as signment but does not render the assignment ineffective;
(c) is for the benefit of the obligor, and does not prevent the assignee from acquiring rights against the assignor or the obligor from discharging his duty as i f there were no such prohibition.
(1) 除非有相反的情形出现，禁止转让的合同条款只是禁止转让人向受让人转托义务的履行。
(2) 除非有不同的意思表示，禁止转让的合同条款
(a) 并不禁止当事人转让因完全违约获得的损害赔偿的权利或者是因转让人全部义务履行已到期而产生的权利；
(b) 赋予债务人因对方当事人违反禁止转让条款而获得的损害赔偿权，但是并不会使该转让行为无效；
(c) 是为保护债务人的利益，并且也不阻止受让人获得针对转让人行使的权利或阻止债务人解除其合同义务，就好象合同并没有作出这些禁止一样。
§323.OBLIGOR’S ASSENT TO ASSIGNMENT OF DELEGATION
债务人同意转让权利或转托义务
(1) A term of a contract manifesting an obligor’s assent to the future assignment of a right or an obligee’s assent to the future delegation of the performance of a duty or condition is effective despite any subsequent objection.
(2) A manifestation of such assent after the formation of a contract is similarly effective if made for consideration or in circumstances in which a promise would be binding without consideration, or if a material change of position takes p lace in reliance on the manifestation.
(1) 如果合同中有条款表明债务人同意转让将来转让权利或债权人同意将来转托义务，则尽管债务人或债权人事后会提出反对，该条款有效。
(2) 如果上述债务人或债权人同意的意思表示是为获得约因、或者是无约因之允诺具有约束力的情况下作出的、或者如果当事人基于对该意思表示的信赖而实质 性地变更了其主张，则在合同成立之后，该意思表示也同样有效。
TOPIC 2. MODE OF ASSIGNMENT OR DELEGATION
主题二 权利转让或义务转托的方式
§324. MODE OF ASSIGNMENT IN GENERAL转让的一般方式
It is essential to an assignment of a right that the obligee manifest an intention to transfer the right to another person without further action or manifestation of intention by the obligee. The manifestation may be made to the other or to a third person on his behalf and, except as provided by statute or by contra ct, may be made either orally or by a writing.
债权人在没有进一步的行为或意思表示的情况下作出向他人转让权利的意思表示对权利转让至关重要。该意思表示可以由他人代表债权人向对方当事人或第三人作出。除了法令的规定或合同的约定外，该意思表示可以采用口头或书面方式作出。
§325. ORDER AS ASSIGNMENT转让单证
(1) A written order drawn upon an obligor and signed and delivered to another person by the obligee is an assignment of it is conditional on the existence o f a duty of the drawee to the drawer to comply with the order and the drawer manifests an intention that a person other than the drawer is to retain the per formance.
(2) An order which directs the drawer to render a performance without reference to any duty of the draw is not of itself an assignment, even though the drawee is under a duty to the drawer to comply with the order and even though the order indicated a particular account to be debited or any other fund or source from which reimbursement is expected.
(1) 债权人对债务人而开立的书面单据经签署后交付给他人即为转让，该转让以付款人依据转让单证向出票人负有支付义务的存在为条件的，并且出票人作出意思表示除出票人之外的人仍然应为履行行为。
(2) 如果转让单证指定出票人作出与开立单证义务无关的履行行为，则该单证本身并不代表转让行为，尽管付款人依照该单证对出票人承担责任，并且尽管 该单证指出了将要记入贷方的特殊帐目或打算用于偿付的任何其他资金。
§326.PARTIAL ASSINMENT部分转让
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), an assignment of a part of a right, whether the part is specified as a fraction, as an amount, or otherwise, is operative as to that part to the same extent and in the same manner as of the part ha d been a separate right.
(2) If the obligor has not contracted to perform separately the assigned part of a right, no legal proceeding can be maintained by the assignor or assignee against the obligor over his objection, unless all the persons entitled to the promised performance are joined in the proceeding, or unless joined is not feasible and it is equitable to proceed without joinder.
(1) 除了(2)小节的规定外，不管是点、数还是其他形式的部分权利，在与独立权利相同的范围内，以与独立权利相同的方式对该部分权利的转让对该部分权利 而言是有效的。
(2) 如果债务人没有订立合同以单独履行被转让的部分权利，则法院不得支持转让人或受让人对提出反对意见的债务人提起的诉讼，除非所有对该履行行为 享有权利的人联合起来起诉，或者除非联合起诉并不可行，并且不提起联合诉 讼会导致不公平的结果。
§327. ACCEPTANCE OR DISCLAIMER BY THE ASSIGNEE
受让人的接受或放弃
(1) A manifestation of assent by an assignee to the assignment is essential to make it effective unless
(a) a third person gives consideration for the assignment, or
(b) the assignment is irrevocable by virtue of the delivery of a writing to a third person,
(2) An assignee who has not manifested assent to an assignment may, within a reasonable time after learning of its existence and terms, render it inoperative from the beginning by disclaimer.
(1) 如果受让人对转让行为作出同意的意思表示，则该转让行为有效，除非
(a) 第三人对该转让行为支付了对价，或
(b) 转让文书一经交付给第三人即不可撤消。
(2) 受让人如果在得知转让行为存在和转让条款之后的合理期间，如果没有作 出同意转让的意思表示，则该受让人可以以弃权表示该转让行为自始无效。
§328. INTERPRETATION OF WORDS OF ASSIGNMENT; EFFECT OF ACEPTANCE OF ASSIGNMENT
转让文字的解释；接受转让的法律后果
(1) Unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary, as in an a ssignment for security, an assignment of “the contract” or of “all my rights under the contract” or an assignment in similar general terms is an assignment of the assignor’s rights and a delegation of his unperformed duties under the contract.
(2) Unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary, the acceptance by an assignee operates as a promise to the assignor to perform the assignor’s unperformed duties, and the obligor of the assigned rights is an intend ed beneficiary of the promise.
(1) 除非合同语言或当时的情况表明了相反的意思，在为担保而进行转让的文书中，含有“合同的转让”或“合同项下我所有的权利”或使用类似通用术语 表达的转让书所转让的是转让人享有的合同权利，转托的是转让人未履行的合 同义务。
(2) 除非合同语言或当时的情况表明了相反的意思，如果受让人接受了转让行为，则表明受让人向转让人允诺履行转让人未履行的义务，并且被转让权利的 义务人成为了该允诺的意向中的受益人。
§329. REPUDIATION BY ASSIGNOR AND NOVATION WITH ASSIGNEE
转让人的毁弃行为以及与受让人义务的更新
(1) The legal effect of a repudiation by an assignor of his duty to the obligor o f the assigned right is not limited by the fact that the assignee is a competent and has promised to perform the duty.
(2) If the obligor, with knowledge of such a repudiation, accepts any performance from the assignee without reserving his rights against the assignor, a novation arises by which the duty of the assignor is discharged and a similar duty of the assignee is substituted.
(1) 如果受让人有能力并且允诺履行转让人的义务，转让人仍然可以毁弃其对于被转让权利的义务人所承担的义务。
(2) 如果债务人明知毁弃事实存在，并且在没有保留其对转让人所享有的权利的情况下，接受了受让人的履行行为，则转让人的义务被解除，受让人的类似 义务被取代。
§330. CONTRACTS OF ASSIGN IN THE FUTURE, OR TO TRANSGER PROCEED S TO BE RECEIVED.
有关将来转让的合同或将来转让已经获得的收益
(1) A contract to make a future assignment of a right, or to transfer proceeds to be received in the future by the promisor, is not an assignment.
(2) Except as provided by statute, the effect of such a contract on the rights and duties of the obligor and third persons is determined by the rules relating t o specific performance of contracts.
(1) 如果合同约定在将来转让某个权利或约定转让允诺人在将来获得的收益， 则此合同并不属于转让合同。
(2) 除了法令的规定外，有关强制执行合同的规 定决定了上述合同对于债务人以及第三人权利和义务的法律效力。
TOPIC 3. EFFECT BETWEEN ASSIGNOR AND ASSIGNEE
转让人与受让人之间的法律关系
§331. PARTIALLY EFFECTIVE ASSIGNMENTS部分有效的转让
An assignment may be conditional, revocable, or voidable by the assignor, or unenforceable by virtue of a Statute of Frauds.
依据防止欺诈条例，转让行为可以是附条件的，可撤回的或者可以由转让人撤消，或者并不具有执行力。
§332. REVOCABILITY OF GRATUITOUS ASSIGNMENTS无偿转让合同的可撤消性
(1) Unless a contrary intention is manifested, a gratuitous assignment is irrevocable if
(a) the assignment is in a writing either signed or under seal that is delivered by the assignor; or
(b) the assignment is accompanied by delivery of a writing of a type customarily accepted as a symbol or as evidence of the right assigned.
(1) 除非有相反的意思表示，在下列情况下，无偿转让是可以被撤消的：
(a) 该转让是以书面形式作出，经签署或盖印后交付给受让人；或
(b) 该转让行为附带有交付某一类通常被认为能象征或证明被转让权利的文书。
(2) Except as stated in this Section, a gratuitous assignment is revocable and the right of the assignee is terminated by the assignor’s death or incapacity, b y a subsequent assignment by the assignor, or by notification from the assign or received by the assignee or by the obligor.
(2) 除了本节的规定外，无偿转让合同是可以被撤消的，并且如果转让人死亡 或丧失行为能力、或者转让人事后进行转让、或转让人向受让人或债务人发出通 知，则受让人的权利即告终止。
(3) A gratuitous assignment ceases to be revocable to the extent that before t he assignee’s right is terminated he obtains
(a) payment or satisfaction of the obligations, or
(b) judgment against the obligor, or
(c) a new contract of the obligor by novation.
(3) 在受让人的权利终止之前，在下列情况下，则无偿转让合同不再是可撤消 的。
(a) 如果受让人领受了给付或领受了债务人的义务履行，或 (b) 获得了对债务 人作出的判决，或
(c) 与债务人缔结了新的合同。
(4) A gratuitous assignment is irrevocable to the extent necessary to avoid injustice where the assignor should reasonably expect the assignment to induce action or forbearance by the assignee or a sub assignee and the assignment does induce such action or forbearance.
(4) 如果转让人应该合理地预料到转让会导致受让人或次受让人的作为或不作 为，并且该转让行为事实上也导致了受让人或次受让人的作为或不作为，则在 避免不公正所必要的范围内，无偿转让合同是不可撤消的。
(5) An assignment is gratuitous unless it is given or taken.
(a) in exchange for a performance or return promise that would be consideration for a promise; or
(b) as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a pre-existing debt or ot her obligation.
(5) 在下列情况下，转让行为并不是无偿的：
(a) 转让行为换取了可以是允诺之约因的履行行为或相应承诺；或
(b) 转让是为担保既存债务或其他债务获得全部或部分的履行。
§333. WARRANTIES OF AN ASSIGNOR转让人的保证
(1) Unless a contrary intention is manifested, one who assigns or purports or assign a right by assignment under seal or for value warrants to the assignee
(a) that he will do nothing to defeat or impair the value of the assignment an d has no knowledge of any fact which would do so;
(b) that the right, as assigned, actually exists and is subject to no limitations or defenses good against the assignor other than those stated or apparent at the time of the assignment;
(c) that any writing evidencing the right which of delivered to the assignee or exhibited to him to induce him to accept the assignment is genuine and what it purports to be.
(1) 除非有相反的意思表示，如果转让人以盖印转让书或有偿方式转让或有意
转让权利，则该转让人应向受让人作如下保证：
(a) 转让人保证不从事有损于被转让权利的价值的行为，并且对导致这种损害 的事实一无所知；
(b) 转让人保证所转让的权利是实际存在的，不从属于任何限制或抗辩权的， 除非该权利的瑕疵、受到的限制或抗辩已经由转让人作出了说明或者在转让发生 时已经明显地存在了； (c) 所有与该转让有关的文件或合同都是真实的并与其 所声称的保持一致
(2) An assignment does not of itself operate as a warranty that the obligor is solvent or that he will perform his obligation.
(3) An assignor is bound by affirmations and promises to the assignee with re ference to the right assigned in the same way and to the same extent that on e who transfers goods is bound in like circumstances.
(4) An assignment of a right to a sub-assignee does not operate as an assign ment of the assignee’s right under his assignor’s warranties unless an intentio n is manifested to assign the rights under the warranties.
(2) 转让本身并不对债务人是有偿付能力的或债务人将会履行义务作出担保。
(3) 转让人对受让人就被转让权利所作的陈述或承诺与类似情况下转让物品之 人在方式和程度上对转让人具有相同的约束力。
(4) 转让人向次受让人转让权利的行为不得转让受让人基于转让人的保证而享 有的权利，除非有意思表示表明转让人有意转让该被保证的权利。
TOPIC 4. EFFECT ON THE OBLIGOR’S DUTY
主题四 转让对债务人义务的法律效力
§334. VARIATON OF OBLIGOR’SDUTY B Y ASSIGNMENT
转让对债务人的债务的变化
(1) If the obligor’s duty is conditional on the personal cooperation of the original obligee or another person, an assignee’s right is subject to the same condition.
(2) If the obligor’s duty is conditional on cooperation which the obligee could properly delegate to an agent, the condition may occur if there is similar cooperation by an assignee.
(1) 如果债务人债务的履行以原债权人或他人的个人配合为条件，则转让以后受让人的享有的权利也受此条件的限制。
(2) 如果债务人义务的履行以债权人 可以适当地转托代理人的合作为条件，那么，只有在受让人也能作出类似合作时，该条件成就。
§335. ASSIGNEMNT BY A JOINT OBLIGEE共同债权人的转让
A joint obligee may effectively assign his right, but the assignee can enforce it only in the same manner and to the same extent as the assignor could have enforced it.
共同债权人转让权利的行为有效，但是，受让人只能以转让人行使权利的方式， 在转让人行使权利的范围内行使该权利。
336. DEFENSES AGAINST AN ASSIGNEE对受让人的抗辩
(1) By an assignment the assignee acquires a right against the obligor only to the extent that the obligor is under a duty to the assignor; and if the right of t he assignor would be voidable by the obligor or unenforceable against him if no assignment had been made, the right of the assignee is subject to the infirmity.
(2) The right of an assignee is subject to any defense or claim of the obligor which accrues before the obligor receives notification of the assignment, but n ot to defenses or claims which accrue there after except as stated in this secti on or as provided by statute.
(3) Where the right of an assignor is subject to discharge or modification in w hole or in part by impracticability, public policy, non-occurrence of a condition, or present or prospective failure of performance by an obligee, the right of th e assignee is to that extent subject to discharge or modification even after the obligor receives notification of the assignment.
(4) An assignee’s right against the obligor is subject to any defense or claim arising from his conduct or to which he was subject as a party or a prior assign ee because he had notice.
(1) 通过转让，受让人只能是在债务人对转让人所负义务的范围内获得对债务人的权利；并且如果没有发生转让，转让人的权利可能被债务人撤消或是不可 强制执行，则受让人因转让获得的权利也受此权利瑕疵的限制。
(2) 如果债务人在收到转让通知之前提出任何抗辩或权利主张，则受让人的权利应受该抗辩或权利主张的限制，但是，除了本节的规定或法令的规定外，受 让人的权利并不受债务人在收到转让通知之后所提出的抗辩或权利主张的限制。
(3) 如果转让人的权利可以因债务无法履行、公共政策、条件不成就或债权人现有或预期违约行为而被解除或变更，则即使在债务人收到转让通知之后，受让 人所获得的权利也可以因上述原因而被解除或变更。
(4) 债务人可以就受让人自己的行为或受让人作为受让当事人或先受让方提出抗辩或权利主张。
§337. ELEMINATION OF DEFENSE BY SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
后发事件导致抗辩消灭
Where the right of an assignor is limited or voidable or unenforceable or subject to discharge or modification, subsequent events which would eliminate the limitation or defense have the same effect on the right of the assignee.
如果转让人所享有的权利是有限的，或者是可以撤消的，或者是不可强制执行的，或是可以被解除或变更的，则可以消灭这些限制或抗辩的后发事件可以使 受让人所获得的权利不受限制或不受制于这些抗辩。
§338. DISCHARGE OF AN OBLIGOR AFTER ASSIGNMENT
.转让行为之后债务人债务的解除
(1) Except as stated in this section, notwithstanding an assignment, the assignor retains his power to discharge or modify the duty of the obligor to the ext ent that the obligor performs or otherwise gives value until but not after the obligor receives notification that the right has been assigned and that performance is to be rendered to the assignee.
(2) So far as an assigned right is conditional on the performance of a return promise, and notwithstanding notification of the assignment, any notification of or substitution for the contract made by the assignor and obligor in good faith and in accordance with reasonable commercial standards is effective against t he assignee. The assignee acquires corresponding rights under the modified or substituted contract.
(3) Notwithstanding a defect in the right of an assignee, he has the same power his assignor had to discharge or modify the duty of the obligor to the extent that the obligor gives value or otherwise changes his position in good faith a nd without knowledge or reason to know the defect.
(4) Where there is writing of a type customarily accepted as a symbol or as evidence of the right assigned, a discharge or modification is not effective
(a) against the owner or an assignor having a power of avoidance, unless given by him or by a person in possession of the writing with his consent and an y necessary endorsement or assignment;
(b) against subsequent assignee who takes possession the writing and gives v alue in good faith and without knowledge or reason to know of the discharge or modification.
(1) 除了本节的规定外，尽管进行了权 利的转让，但是，在债务人收到权利已经被转让或应向受让人为履行行为的通 知之前，转让人仍然保留在债务人实施履行行为或以其他方式作出给付的范围 内解除或变更债务人债务的权利。但是当债务人收到这一通知之后，则转让人不再享有这一权利。
(2) 如果被转让的权利的行使是以相应承诺的履行为条件，则虽然转让人已经 发出了有关转让的通知书，但是转让人和债务人善意地依照合理的商业标准对 受让人发出的任何有关合同修订的通知或替代合同的通知仍然有效。受让人获得 了被修订之后的合同或替代合同项下的相应权利。
(3) 虽然受让人的权利存在 瑕疵，但是，只要债务人善意地，并且是在不知道或没有理由知道该权利瑕疵 的情况下作出给付或以其他方式变更其主张，则受让人享有与转让人相同的解 除或变更该债务人债务的权利。
(4) 如果存在一个公认的能够象征或证明被转让权利的书面文书，则下列解除 或变更义务的行为是无效的：
(a) 解除或变更义务的行为对权利所有人或享有撤消权的转让人不利，但是如 果该行为是由其作出或由拥有该书面文书的人在获得其同意之后，并且是在作 出了必要背书或转让的情况下作出的，则解除或变更行为有效；
(b) 解除或变更义务的行为，对于拥有该书面文书，并且在不知道或没有理由
知道解除或变更行为存在的情况下支付了价金的事后受让人不利。
§339. PROTECTION OF OBLIGOR IN CASE OF ADVERSE CLAIMS
如果存在不利主张的情况下对债务人利益的保护
Where a claim adverse to that of an assignee subjects the obligor to a substantial risk beyond that imposed on him by his contract, the obligor will be grant ed such relief as is equitable in the circumstances.
如果对受让人不利的权利主张使得债务人在其应承担的债务之外，实质上承担了一种风险，则给与债务人在此特定情况之下公平的救济。
TOPIC 5. PRIORITIES BETWEEEN ASSIGNEE AND ADVERSE CLAIMANTS
主题五 受让人与提出不利请求的原告之间的优先权
§340. EFFECT OF ASSIGN ON PRIORITY AND SECURITY
转让行为对优先权和担保权的法律效力
(1) An assignee is entitled to priority of payment from the obligor’s insolvent e state to the extent that the assignor would have been so entitled in the absence of assignment.
(2) Where an assignor holds collateral as security for the assigned right and does not effectively transfer the collateral to the assignee, the assignor is a con structive trustee of the collateral for the assignee in accordance with the rules stated for pledges in §§29-34 of the Restatement of Security.
(1) 受让人有权从债务人的破产财产中获得优先偿付，但必须是转让人在没有转让的情况下本来就享有优先获得偿付的权利。
(2) 如果转让人持有对被转让权利的担保物，并且没有合法地将该担保物转让 给受让人，则依据担保法重述中§§29-34 中就担保的规定，该转让人为担保物 的指定托管人。
§341. CREDITORS OF AN ASSIGNOR转让人的债权人
(1) Except as provide by statute, the right of an assignee is superior to a judicial lien subsequently obtained against the property of the assignor, unless the assignment is ineffective or revocable by the assignor or by the person obtaining the lien or is in fraud of creditors.
(2) Notwithstanding the superiority of the right of an assignee, an obligor who does not receive notification of the assignment until after he has lost his opportunity to assert the assignment as a defense in the proceeding in which the judicial lien was obtained is discharged from his duty to the assignee to the ex tent of his satisfaction of the lien.
(1) 除了法令的规定外，受让人对转让人的财产所享有的权利优于事后获得的司法留置权，除非该转让行为是无效的或者可以被转让人撤回，或者可以被获得该留置权的人或欺诈债权人的人撤回。
(2) 尽管受让人享有优先权，如果债务人在有关司法留置权的诉讼中丧失了以转让行为提出抗辩的机会，则在此之前，如果债务人没有收到有关转让的通知书，则该债务人的债务被解除，但是只限于司法留置权被已被行使的范围内。
§342. SUCCESSIVE ASSIGNEES FROM THE SAME ASSIGNOR
源自同一转让人的连续受让人
Except as otherwise provided by statute, the right of an assignee is superior t o that of a subsequent assignee of the same right from the same assignor, unless
(a) the first assignment is ineffective or revocable is voidable by the assignor or by the subsequent assignee; or
(b) the subsequent assignee in good faith and without knowledge or reason t o know of the prior assignment gives value and obtains
(i) payment or satisfaction of the obligation, (ii) judgment against the obligor,(iii) a new contract with the obligor by novation, or
(iv) possession of a writing of a type customarily accepted as a symbol or as evidence of the right assigned.
除了法令有相反规定，受让人的权利是优于来自同一转让人的后来的受让人所享有的权利，除非
(a) 第一次转让行为是无效的、可以撤回的，或者可以被转让人或后来的受让人 撤消；或
(b) 后来的受让人在不知道或没有理由知道先前转让行为存在的情况下作出给付行为，并且
(i) 获得付款或领受了债务人所履行的债务，
(ii) 获得了对债务人的判决，
(iii) 与债务人缔结了新的合同，或
(iv) 拥有一个公认地可以象征或证明被转让权利的书面文书。
§343. LATENT EQUITIES隐性的公平
If an assignor’s right against the obligor is held in trust or constructive trust for or subject to a right of avoidance or equitable lien of another than the obligor, an assignee does not so hold it if he gives value and becomes an assignee i n good faith and without notice of the right of the other.
如果转让人对债务人享有的权利为信托组织或拟制的信托组织持有，或者受制于除债务人之外的其他人的撤消权或衡平的留置权，那么，如果该受让人在没有收到有关这些权利限制的通知的情况下作出给付并成为受让人，则该受让人 获得的权利不受信托组织托管或不受上述权利的限制。
CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES第十六章 违约救济
TOPIC 1. IN GENERAL 主题一 违约救济的一般规定
§344. PURPOSES OF REMEDIES 救济的目的
Judicial remedies under the rules stated in this Restatement serve to protect one or more of the following interests of a promisee:
(a) his "expectation interest," which is his interest in having the benefit of his bargain by being put in as good a position as he would have been in had the contract been performed,
(b) his "reliance interest," which is his interest in being reimbursed for loss ca used by reliance on the contract by being put in as good a position as he would have been in had the contract not been made, or
(c) his "restitution interest," which is his interest in having restored to him any benefit that he has conferred on the other party.
合同法重述中所规定的司法救济旨在保护受允诺人的以下一项或多项利益：
(a) “期待利益”，即为如果合同被履行，则合同当事人本应享有的合同利益。
(b) “信赖利益”，即为如果合同没有缔结，就当事人由于对合同的信赖所遭受的损失给与补偿的利益。
(c) “替代利益”，即为将授与他方当事人的利益返还给当事人的利益。
§345. JUDICIAL REMEDIES AVAILABLE可以适用的司法救济
The judicial remedies available for the protection of the interests stated in §344 include a judgment or order
(a) awarding a sum of money due under the contract or as damages,
(b) requiring specific performance of a contract or enjoining its non-performance,
(c) requiring restoration of a specific thing to prevent unjust enrichment,
(d) awarding a sum of money to prevent unjust enrichment,
(e) declaring the rights of the parties, and
(f) enforcing an arbitration award.
§344 节中所规定的为保护受允诺人的利益而可以适用的司法救济包括以下判决或命令：
(a) 判决支付合同到期金额或判决损害赔偿金，
(b) 要求强制履行合同或要求颁发不履行禁止令，
(c) 要求返还不当得利所获之物，
(d) 要求返还不当得利所获之金额，
(e) 宣布双方当事人的权利，和
(f) 强制执行仲裁判决。
TOPIC 2. ENFORCEMENT BY AWARD OF DAMAGES
主题二 以获得损害赔偿强制执行合同
§346. AVAILABILITY OF DAMAGES损害赔偿金的适用
(1) The injured party has a right to damages for an breach by a party against whom the contract is enforceable unless the claim for damages has been suspended or discharged.
(2) If the breach caused no loss or if the amount of the loss is not proved under the rules stated in this chapter, a small sum fixed without regard to the amount of loss will be awarded as nominal damages.
(1) 受损的合同当事人有权就被强制执行合同的另一方当事人的违约行为提出损害赔偿请求权，除非该请求权已经被中止或解除。
(2) 如果一方当事人的违约并没有造成损失，或损失的数额无法依据本章的规定加以证明，则应给与受损方确定数额的赔偿作为名义上的损害赔偿金。
§347. MEASURE OF DAMAGES IN GENERAL损害赔偿金的一般计算方式
Subject to the limitations stated in §§350-53, the injured party has a right to damages based on his expectation interest as measured by
(a) the loss in the value to him of the other party's performance caused by its failure or deficiency, plus
(b) any other loss, including incidental or consequential loss, caused by the br each, less
(c) any cost or other loss that he has avoided by not having to perform.
依据§§350-53 所规定的限制，受损方有权基于期待利益而获得损害赔偿金，该损害赔偿金应通过以下计算方式得出：
(a) 他方当事人因违约或履行瑕疵而导致应给付价金的损失，加上
(b) 任何其他因违约造成的直接或间接的损失，减去
(c) 任何其他因为不履行合同所避免的费用或其他损失。
§348. ALTERNATIVES TO LOSS IN VALUE OF PERFORMANCE
对履行价金损失的替代赔偿
(1) If a breach delays the use of property and the loss in value to the injured party is not proved with reasonable certainty, he may recover damages based on the rental value of the property or on interest on the value of the property.
(2) If a breach results in defective or unfinished construction and the loss in value to the injured party is not proved with sufficient certainty, he may recover damages based on
(a) the diminution in the maker price of the property caused by the breach, or
(b) the reasonable cost of completing performance or of remedy the defects if that cost is not clearly disproportionate to the probable loss in value to him.
(3) If a breach is of a promise conditioned on a fortuitous event and it is uncertain whether the event would have occurred had there been no breach, the injured party may recover damages based on the value of the conditional right at the time of breach.
(1) 如果一方当事人的违约行为延迟了对财产的使用，并且受损方无法以合理的确信证明该损失存在，则该受损方可以基于该财产的租税价或财产利益请求获得赔偿。
(2) 如果一方当事人的违约行为导致了建筑物存在缺陷或建筑物未完成，并且受损方无法以充分的确定性证明该损失存在，则受损方可以依据下列事实，请求获得损害赔偿：
(a) 违约造成的财产价格的降低部分，或
(b) 如果继续完成该建筑物的建造所需要的费用明显地与大概造成的损失不成比例，则可以要求对完成该建筑物或弥补瑕疵所需要的合理费用。
(3) 如果一方当事人的违约行为是以意外事件的发生为条件，并且如果没有违约，该意外事件是否会发生并不确定，则受损方可以基于在违约时附条件权利的价值请求获得赔偿。
§349.DAMAGES BASED ON RELIANCE INTEREST基于信赖利益获得损害赔偿
As an alternative to the measure of damages stated in §347, the injured party has a right to damages based on his reliance interest, including expenditures made in preparation for performance or in performance, less any loss that the party in breach can prove with reasonable certainty the injured party would have suffered had the contract been performed.
作为一种对§347 规定的有关损害赔偿金的计算标准的替代，受损害的一方有权依其信赖权益得到赔偿，包括在准备履行或履行合同的过程中支出的费用，减去违约方能够用具有合理的确定性的证据证明的该受损害的一方在合同得到履行时也会蒙受的损失。
§350. AVOIDABILITY AS A LIMITATION ON DAMAGES
损害的可避免性对损害赔偿请求的限制
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), damages are not recoverable for loss t hat the injured party could have avoided without undue risk, burden, or humiliation.
(2) The injured party is not precluded from recovery by the rule stated in Sub section (1) to the extent that he has made reasonable but unsuccessful effort s to avoid loss.
(1) 除了(2)小节的规定外，如果受损方在不必承担不正当的风险、负担或耻辱的情况下本可以避免损害的发生，但是没有避免该损害的发生，则对于该损害不得获得赔偿。
(2) 如果受损方已经尽了合理的努力但是并没有成功地避免损害的发生，则 (1)小节的规定并不排除受损方获得赔偿。
§351. UNFORESEEABILITY AND RELATED LIMITATIONS ON DAMAGES
不可预见性以及其他相关情形对赔偿的限制
(1) Damages are not recoverable for loss that the party in breach did not have reason to foresee as a probable result of the breach when the contract was made.
(2) Loss may be foreseeable as a probable result of a breach because it follow s from the breach
(a) in the ordinary course of events, or
(b) as a result of special circumstances, beyond the ordinary course of events, that the party in breach had reason to know.
(3) A court may limit damages for foreseeable loss by excluding recovery for loss of profits, by allowing recovery only for loss incurred in reliance, or other wise if it concludes that in the circumstances justice so requires in order to avoid disproportionate compensation.
(1) 如果在订立合同时，违约方没有理由预见到，所发生的损失是违约很可能发生的结果，那么，损害赔偿金不能获得。
(2) 在以下情况下，损失可以作为违约很可能发生的结果是可以被预见到：
(a) 该违约是在事件发展的通常过程中发生的；或者
(b) 该违约不是在事件发展的通常过程中发生的，而是特殊情况发展的结果，但该违约方有理由知道该特殊情况。
(3) 如果在特殊情况下为获得公平，避免 使受损害方得到不相称的损害赔偿金，法院可以通过不对利润损失进行赔偿、只对基于信赖利益造成的损失后其他方式限制由于不可预见造成的损失。
§352. UNCERTAINTY AS A LIMITATION ON DAMAGES
赔偿范围的不确定性对赔偿的限制
Damages are not recoverable for loss beyond an amount that the evidence permits to be established with reasonable certainty.
当损失的数额超出了证据所能证明的具有合理的确定性的范围时，超出这一范围的损失不能得到赔偿。
§353.LOSS DUE TO EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE由于情绪障碍造成的损失
Recovery for emotional disturbance will be excluded unless the breach also ca used bodily harm or the contract or the breach is of such a kind that serious e motional disturbance was a particularly likely result.
对于情绪障碍所产生的损害，受损方不得获取赔偿，除非违约同时造成了身体上的伤害，或者合同或违约是如此的特殊以至于严重的情绪障碍成为一种极易发生的结果。
§354. INTEREST AS DAMAGES利息的赔偿
(1) If the breach consists of a failure to pay a definite sum in money or to render a performance with fixed or ascertainable monetary value, interest is recoverable from the time for performance on the amount due less all deductions to which the party in breach is entitled.
(2) In any other case, such interest may be allowed as justice requires on the amount that would have been just compensation had it been when performance was due.
(1) 如果当事人的违约属于没有支付确定数额的金钱或没有以固定的或可确定的价款为履行行为，则受损方有权就该项支付到期日起应得的利息获得赔偿，但是应减去违约方有权扣除的部分。
(2) 在任何其他情况下，依据公平的要求，上述受损方可以获得的利息应为在 合同义务到期时应获得的利息。
§355. PUNITIVE DAMAGES惩罚性的损害赔偿
Punitive damages are not recoverable for a breach of contract unless the conduct constituting the breach is also a tort for which punitive damages are recoverable.
受损方不得基于他方当事人的违约获得惩罚性的损害赔偿，除非该违约行为同时构成了应获得惩罚性赔偿的侵权行为。
. LIQUIDATED DAMAGES AND PENALTIES. 法定违约金和惩罚性的违约金
(1) Damages for breach by either party may be liquidated in the agreement but only at an amount that is reasonable in the light of the anticipated or actual loss caused by the breach and the difficulties of proof of loss. A term fixing unreasonably large liquidated damages is unenforceable on grounds of public policy as a penalty.
(2) A term in a bond providing for an amount of money as a penalty for non-occurrence of the condition of the bond is unenforceable on grounds of public policy to the extent that the amount exceeds the loss caused by such non-occurrence.
(1) 任何一方当事人因违约或获得的赔偿金可以在合同中予以约定，但只是限于可以依据违约所造成的预期或事实的损害以及损害存在的证明难度确定的合 理数额。如果合同的某一条款规定了不合理的违约金，则该条款基于公共政策作为对违约的一种惩罚应是不可强制执行的。
(2) 如果合同的某一条款就合同条件不成就规定了惩罚性的赔偿数额，则如果这一规定的数额超过了条件不成就所造成的损失数额，那么，该条款基于公共政策是不可强制执行。
TOPIC 3. ENFORCEMENT BY SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE AND INJUNCTION
主题三 以强制履行和申请禁止令的方式执行合同
§357. AVAILABILITY OF SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE AND INJUNCTION
强制履行和申请禁止令方式的可适用性
(1) Subject to the rules stated in §§359-69, specific performance of a contract duty will be granted in the discretion of the court against a party who has committed or is threatening to commit a breach of the duty.
(2) Subject to the rules stated in §§359-69, an injunction against breach of a contract duty will be granted in the discretion of the court against a party who has committed or is threatening to commit a breach of the duty if
(a) the duty is one of forbearance, or
(b) the duty is one of act and specific performance would be denied only for reasons that are inapplicable to an injunction.
(1) 依据§§359-69 的规定，如果合同一方当事人实施违约行为或威胁要实施违约行为，则他方当事人可以向法院申请强制履行令。
(2) 依据§§359-69 的规定，如果合同一方当事人实施违约行为或威胁实施违约行为，并且其违反的合同义务如果属于以下情形，则他方当事人可以申请法院 颁发禁止令：
(a) 违反的合同义务属不作为义务，或
(b) 违反的合同义务属于作为义务，并且属于无法适用申请法院强制履行的情形。
§358. FORM OF ORDER AND OTHER RELIEF执行命令的方式以及其他救济方法
(1) An order of specific performance or an injunction will be so drawn as best to effectuate the purposes for which the contract was made and on such term s as justice requires. It need not be absolute in form and the performance that it requires need not be identical with that due under the contract.
(2) If specific performance or an injunction is denied as to part of the performance that is due, it may nevertheless be granted as to remainder.
(3) In addition to specific performance or an injunction, damages and other relief may be awarded in the same proceeding and an indemnity against future harm may be required.
(1) 强制履行或禁止令的颁发应依照公平的要求，最大程度地实现订立合同目的而作出。而且作出时并不需要绝对的形式，同时强制履行或禁止令所要求的履 行行为可以与合同项下到期的履行行为不一致。
(2) 如果部分到期的合同义务不得被强制履行或不得授与禁止令，则对于剩余的合同义务仍然可以强制履行或授与禁止令。
(3) 除了强制履行或禁止令外，法院可以在同一诉讼程序中，判决给与受损方赔偿金和其他救济，也可以就受损方将来所遭受的损害判决给与补偿。
§359. EFFECT OF ADEQUACY OF DAMAGES获得足额的赔偿金的法律效力
(1) Specific performance or an injunction will not be ordered if damages would be adequate to protect the expectation interest of the injured party.
(2) The adequacy of the damage remedy for failure to render one part of the performance due does not preclude specific performance or injunction as to t he contract as a whole.
(3) Specific performance or an injunction will not be refused merely because t here is remedy for breach other than damages, but such a remedy may be considered in exercising discretion under the rule stated in §357.
(1) 如果损害赔偿金足以保护受损方的期待利益，则不应申请强制履行或禁止令。
(2) 受损方就部分违约获得足额赔偿金的行为并不排除受损方就合同整体申请强制履行或禁止令。
(3) 不得因为存在除赔偿金之外的其他救济方式拒绝适用强制履行或禁止令，但是法院可以依据§357 的规定运用自由裁量权给与受损方赔偿金之外的其他救济。
§360. FACTORS AFFECTING ADEQUACY OF DAMAGES影响足额赔偿的因素
In determining whether the remedy in damages would be adequate, the following circumstances are significant:
(a) the difficulty of proving damages with reasonable certainty,
(b) the difficulty of procuring a suitable substitute performance by means of money awarded as damages, and
(c) the likelihood that an award of damages could not be collected.
在确定赔偿金是否足额时，应考虑以下情形：
(a) 以合理的确定性证明损害存在的难度，
(b) 凭借损害赔偿金获得一个适当的替代履行行为的难度，
(c) 损害赔偿金不被收取的可能性。
§361. EFFECT OF PROVISION FOR LIQUIDATED DAMAGES
规定法定赔偿金的合同条款的效力
Specific performance or an injunction may be granted to enforce a duty even though there is a provision for liquidated damages for breach of that duty.
尽管合同中就违约规定了法定的赔偿金，受损方仍然可以获得强制履行或禁止 令的救济。
§362. EFFECT OF UNCERTAINTY OF TERMS合同条款不确定时的法律效力
Specific performance or an injunction will not be granted unless the terms of t he contract are sufficiently certain to provide a basis for an appropriate order.
除非合同充分确定地规定了获得适当的强制履行令或禁止令的理由，否则不得授与受损方强制履行令或禁止令。
§363.EFFECT OF INSECURITY AS TO THE AGREED EXCHANGE
对于已达成的交换无担保时的法律后果
Specific performance or an injunction may be refused if a substantial part of t he agreed exchange for the performance to be compelled is unperformed and its performance is not secured to the satisfaction of the court.
如果被强制行为所交换的义务履行的实质部分并不可执行，并且也没有获得令法院满意的担保，则对于该义务不得适用强制履行或禁止令。
§364. EFFECT OF UNFAIRNESS适用强制履行或禁止令救济不公平时的法律效力
(1) Specific performance or an injunction will be refused if such relief would b e unfair because
(a) the contract was induced by mistake or by unfair practices, or
(b) the relief would cause unreasonable hardship or loss to the party in breach or to third persons, or
(c) the exchange is grossly inadequate or the terms of the contract are other wise unfair.
(2) Specific performance or an injunction will be granted in spite of a term of the agreement if denial of such relief would be unfair because it would cause unreasonable hardship or loss to the party seeking relief or to third persons.
(1) 在下列情况下适用强制履行或禁止令救济会导致不公平，则应不予适用：
(a) 合同是因意思表示错误而订立的或是通过不公平的惯例所缔结的，或
(b) 该救济可能会给违约方或第三人造成不合理的困难或损失，或
(c) 双方所达成的交换总体而言是不充分的，或者合同的条款是不公平的。
(2) 如果拒绝适用强制履行或禁止令救济由于会给寻求救济的一方当事人或第三人造成困难或损失而导致不公平，则应适用强制履行了或禁止令
§365. EFFECT OF PUBLIC POLICY公共政策对强制履行或禁止令救济适用的法律效力
Specific performance or an injunction will not be granted if the act or forbeara nce that would be compelled or the use of compulsion is contrary to public pol icy.
如果可能被强制执行的作为或不作为行为或与公共政策相悖或使用强制手段本身就违反公共政策，则不得使用强制履行或禁止令救济。
§366. EFFECT OF DIFFICULTY IN ENFORCEMENT OR SUPERVISION
执行或监督困难时的法律效力
A promise will not be specifically enforced if the character and magnitude of t he performance would impose on the court burdens in enforcement or supervision that are disproportionate to the advantages to be gained from enforcement and to the harm to be suffered from its denial.
如果强制执行合同义务给法院在执行或监督方面造成的负担，使得强制执行所获得的收益与不予强制执行所遭受的损害不成比例，则不得强制执行该允诺。
§367.CONTRACT FOR PERSONAL SERVICE OR SUPERVISION
提供个人服务或监督合同
(1) A promise to render personal service will not be specifically enforced.
(2) A promise to render personal service exclusively for one employer will not be enforced by an injunction against serving another if its probable result will be compel a performance involving personal relations the enforced continuance of which is undesirable or will be leave the employee without other reasonable means of making a living.
(1) 提供个人服务的允诺不应被强制执行。
(2) 对于某一专门为雇主提供个人服务的允诺，如果法院发出禁令很可能会导致个人关系无法继续，或可能使一个受雇人丧失其合理的谋生手段而不得不依 合同规定为雇主提供服务，则不得强制执行该允诺。
§368. EFFECT OF POWER OF TERMINATION终止履行的法律效力
(1) Specific performance or an injunction will not be granted against a party w ho can substantially nullify the effect of the order by exercising a power of termination or avoidance.
(2) Specific performance or an injunction will not be denied merely because t he party seeking relief has a power to terminate or avoid his duty unless the power could be used, in spite of the order, to deprive the other party of reason able security for the agreed exchange for his performance
(1) 如果合同一方当事人可以通过行使终止权或撤消权，实质性地导致法院发出的命令无效，则强制履行或禁止令的救济不适用于该当事人。
(2) 如果寻求救济的合同当事人有权终止或撤消其合同义务，并且即使在法院发出命令的情况下，该合同当事人仍然可以运用该权力剥夺他方当事人就已达成交换所获得的合理担保，则不得否决强制履行或禁止令的救济。
§369. EFFECT OF BREACH BY PARTY SEEKING RELIEF
寻求救济的合同当事人违约的法律效力
Specific performance or an injunction may be granted in spite of a breach by t he party seeking relief, unless the breach is serious enough to discharge the other party’s remaining duties of performance.
寻求救济的一方当事人的违约行为并不影响强制履行或禁止令救济的适用，除非其违约行为非常严重，导致解除他方当事人剩余的合同义务。
TOPIC 4. RESTITUTION主题四 恢复原状
§370. REQUIREMENT THAT BENEFIT BE CONFERRED
恢复原状应以已经获得合同利益为条件
A party is entitled to restitution under the rules stated in this Restatement onl y to the extent that he has conferred a benefit on the other party by way of p art performance or reliance.
如果一方当事人使他方当事人基于部分履行或信赖获得合同利益，则该当事人有权依据重述的合同法请求恢复原状。
§371. MEASURE OF RESTITUTION INTEREST返还利益的计算方式
If a sum of money is awarded to protect a party's restitution interest, it may a s justice require be measured by either
(a) the reasonable value to the other party of what he received in terms of w hat it would have cost him to obtain it from a person in the claimant's position or
(b) the extent to which the other party's property has been increased in value or his other interests advanced.
为保护一方当事人的返还利益而返还给其一定数额的金钱时，返还的数额依据公平的要求应采用以下方式计算
(a) 依据当事人从他方当事人那里获得合同利益时所支出的费用，就其从他方 当事人那里已经获得的合理价值；或 (b) 限于他方当事人财产的增值或其他利 益的增加。
§372. SPECIFIC RESTITUTION强制恢复原状
(1) Specific restitution will be granted to a party who is entitled to restitution, except that:
(a) specific restitution based on a breach by the other party under the rule stated in §373 may be refused in the discretion of the court if it would unduly interfere with the certainty of title or otherwise cause injustice, and
(b) specific restitution in favor of the party in breach under the rule stated in§374 will not be granted.
(2) A decree of specific restitution may be made conditional on return of or compensation for anything that the party claiming restitution has received.
(3) If specific restitution, with or without a sum of money, will be substantially as effective as restitution in money in putting the party claiming restitution in the position he was in before rendering any performance, the other party can discharge his duty by tendering such restitution before suit is brought and keeping his tender good.
(1) 在下列情况下，法院不得给与有权主张恢复原状的一方当事人强制恢复原状的救济：
(a) 如果依据§373 的规定他方当事人违约，则如果法院认为判决强制恢复原状可能会不正当地干预了权利的确定性或以其他方式导致不公正，则法院可以依自由裁量权而拒绝作出强制恢复原状的决定，和
(b) 如果强制恢复原状依据§374 的规定，对违约方有利，则法院也不得作出强制恢复原状的决定。
(2) 强制恢复原状判决的作出是以权利人已获收益的返还或对该收益进行补偿为条件的。
(3) 如果强制恢复原状，不管是否需要给付一定数额的金钱，实质上将会像返还金钱一样，使得权利主张人恢复到义务履行之前的状态，则他方当事人可以通过在起诉之前恢复原状和继续履行实物以解除其合同义务。
§373. RESTITUTIOIN WHEN OTHER PARTY IS IN BREACH
他方当事人违约时，一方当事人请求恢复原状
(1) subject to the rule stated in Subsection (2), on a breach by non-performance that gives rise to a claim for damages for total breach or on a repudiation, the injured party is entitled to restitution for any benefit that he has conferred on the other party by way of part performance or reliance.
(2) The injured party has no right to restitution if he has performed all of his under the contract and no performance by the other party remains due other than payment of a definite sum of money for that performance.
(1) 除了本节(2)小节的规定外，如果因一方当事人不履行义务导致违约，另一方当事人因此对全部违约或合同毁弃请求损害赔偿，受损方有权就因部分履行或信赖而支付给他方当事人的任何利益主张恢复原状。
(2) 如果受损方已经履行了合同项下的所有义务，并且他方当事人除了已完成履行为一定数额金钱给付外，别无其他到期的履行义务，则受损方无权主张恢 复原状。
§374. RESTITUTION IN FAVOR OF PARTY IN BREACH恢复原状有利于违约方
(1) Subject to the rule stated in Subsection (2), if a party justifiable refused to perform on the ground that his remaining duties of performance have been discharged by the other party’s breach, the party in breach is entitled to restitution for any benefit that he has conferred by way of part performance or reliance in excess of the loss that he has caused by his own breach.
(2) To the extent that, under the manifested assent of the parties, a party’s performance is to be retained in the case of breach, that party is not entitled to restitution if the value of the performance as liquidated damages is reasonable in the light of the anticipated or actual loss caused by the breach and the difficulties of proof of loss.
(1) 依据(2)小节的规定外，一方当事人基于其剩余的履行义务因他方当事人违 约而被消灭这一理由，合法地拒绝履行义务时，违约方当事人有权就其因部分 履行或信赖而交付给他方当事人的，超过了其对违约所造成损害部分的任何利 益，可以主张恢复原状。
(2) 依据双方当事人的意思表示，如果一方当事人的 履行行为在违约的情况下被默认，那么，如果依据违约所导致的预期损失或现 实损失以及证明损失存在的难度，作为法定违约金的履行价金是合理的，则该 当事人的不得主张恢复原状。
§375. RESTITUTION WHEN CONTRACT IS WITHIN STATUTE OF FRAUDS
当合同属于防止欺诈条例所规定的合同时请求恢复原状
A party who would otherwise have a claim in restitution under a contract is no t barred from restitution for the reason that the contract is unenforceable by him because of the Statute of Frauds unless the Statute provides otherwise or its purpose would be frustrated by allowing restitution.
如果一方当事人可以以其他方式主张恢复原状，则不得因防止欺诈条例的规定 禁止该方当事人以合同无法强制执行而要求恢复原状，除非欺诈条例另有规定 或如果允许恢复原状，防止欺诈条例的目的就会落空。
§376. RESTITUTION WHEN CONTRACT IS VOIDABLE合同可撤消时请求恢复原状
A party who has avoided a contract on the grounds of lack of capacity, mistake, misrepresentation, duress, undue influence or abuse of a fiduciary relation i s entitled to restitution for any benefit that he has conferred on the other part y by way of part performance or reliance.
如果一方当事人因存在无缔约能力、意思表示错误、虚假陈述、胁迫、不正当的影响或滥用信托关系将合同撤消，则该当事人有权就因部分履行或信赖而支付给 他方当事人的任何利益主张恢复原状。
§377. RESTITUTION IN CASES OF IMPRACTICABILITY, FRUSTRATION, NON- OCCURRENCE OF CONDITION OR DISCLAIMER BY BENEFICIARY
合同无法履行、合同目的落空、条件不成就或受益人弃权时请求恢复原状
A party whose duty of performance does not arise or is discharged as a result of impracticability of performance, frustration of purpose, non-occurrence of a condition or disclaimer by a beneficiary is entitled to restitution for any benefit that he has conferred on the other party by way of part performance or reliance.
如果一方当事人的履行义务因合同履行不能、合同目的落空、履行条件不成就或受益人放弃权利并没有产生或被解除，则该方式人有权就因部分履行或信赖而 支付给他方当事人的任何利益主张恢复原状。
TOPIC 5. PRECLUSION BY ELECTION AND AFFIRMANCE
主题五 通过选择和确认救济方式排除适用恢复原状救济
§378. ELECTION AMONG REMEDIES在多种救济手段中作出选择
If a party has more than one remedy under the rules stated in this chapter, hi s manifestation of a choice of one of them by bring suit or otherwise is not a bar to another unless the remedies are inconsistent and the other party mater ially changes his position in reliance on the manifestation.
如果一方当事人依据本章的规定不只享有一种救济方式，则该当事人通过起诉或以其他方式选择其中一种救济方式的意思表示并不禁止其使用其他救济方式， 除非这些救济方法是不一致的，并且他方当事人基于对意思表示的信赖实质性 地变更了其主张。
§379. ELECTION TO TREAT DUTIES OF PERFORMANCE UNDER ALEATORY
CONTRACT AS DISCHARGED
选择视履行不确定合同项下的义务已经被解除
If a right or duty of the injured party is conditional on an event that is fortuitous or is supposed by the parties to be fortuitous, he cannot treat his remaining duties to render performance as discharged on the ground of the other party’s breach by non-performance if he does not manifest to the other party his intention to do so before any adverse change in the situation of the injured party resulting from the occurrence of that event or a material change in the probability of its occurrence.
如果受损方的权利的行使或义务的履行是以某一偶然事件或双方当事人假定的偶然事件的发生为条件，则如果在因该事件的发生所导致的对受损方任何不利的变化发生之前或该事件发生的可能性出现重大变更之前，该当事人并没有向他方当事人表示其打算视剩余的合同义务已经被解除，则该受损方不得以他方 当事人不履行义务违约为由认为其剩余的合同义务已经被解除。
§380. LOSS OF POWER OF AVOIDANCE BY AFFIRMANCE
确认行为造成撤消合同的权力丧失
(1) The power of a party to avoid a contract for incapacity, duress, undue influence or abuse of a fiduciary relation is lost if, after the circumstances that made the contract voidable have ceased to exist, he manifests to the other part y his intention to affirm it or acts with respect to anything that he has receive d in a manner inconsistent with disaffirmance.
(2) The power of a party to avoid a contract for mistake or misrepresentation is lost if after he knows or has reason to know of the mistake or of the misrepresentation if it is non-fraudulent or knows of the misrepresentation if it is fraudulent, he manifests to the other party his intention to affirm it or acts with respect to anything that he has received in a manner inconsistent with disaffirmance.
(3) If the other party rejects an offer by the party seeking avoidance to return what he has received, the party seeking avoidance if entitled to restitution can, after the lapse of a reasonable time, enforce a lien on what he has received by selling it and crediting the proceeds toward his claim restitution.
(1) 在使合同可撤消的情形，如无行为能力、胁迫、不正当的影响或滥用信托关系消灭之后，如果有权撤消合同的一方当事人向他方当事人表示了确认该事实 的意图或以与确认一致的方式为履行行为，则该当事人丧失了以无行为能力、胁迫、不正当的影响或滥用信托关系为由撤消合同的权力。
(2) 如果一方当事人在知道或有理由知道意思表示错误或虚假陈述并不具有欺诈性或知道虚假陈述具 有欺诈性之后，如果其向他方当事人表示了确认该事实的意图或以与确认一致 的方式为履行行为，则该当事人丧失了以意思表示错误或虚假陈述为由撤消合同的权力。
(3) 如果一方当事人希望撤消合同，返还其已经领受的履行，但是遭到了他方当事人的拒绝，那么，如果该当事人有权主张恢复原状，则一段合理的期间过后，他有权以出售和将恢复原状之收益记入贷方之方式对其所领受的履行行使 强制留置权。
§381.LOSS OF POWER OF AVOIDANCE BY DELAY
延迟行使权力造成撤消合同的权力丧失
(1) The power of a party to avoid a contract for incapacity, duress, undue influence or abuse of a fiduciary relation is lost if, after the circumstances that made it voidable have ceased to exist, he does not within a reasonable time manifest to the other party his intention to avoid it.
(2) The power of a party to avoid a contract for misrepresentation or mistake is lost if after he knows of a fraudulent misrepresentation or knows or has reason to know of a non-fraudulent misrepresentation or mistake he does not within a reasonable time manifest to the other party his intention to avoid. The power of a party to avoid a contract for non-fraudulent misrepresentation or mi stake is also lost if the contract has been so far performed or the circumstances have otherwise so changed that avoidance would be inequitable and if dam ages will be adequate compensation.
(3) In determining what is a reasonable time, the following circumstances are significant:
(a) the extent to which the delay enable or might have enable the party with t he power of avoidance to speculate at the other party’s risk;
(b) the extent to which the delay resulted or might have resulted in justifiable reliance by the other party or by third person;
(c) the extent to which the ground for avoidance was the result of any fault b y either party; and
(d) the extent to which the other party’s conduct contributed to the delay.
(4) If a right or duty of the party who has the power of avoidance for non-fraudulent misrepresentation or mistake is conditional on an event that is fortuitous or is supposed by the parties to be fortuitous, a manifestation of intention under subsection (1) or (2) is not effective unless it is made before any adverse change in his situation resulting from the occurrence of that event or mater ial change in the probability of its occurrences.
(1) 在使合同可撤消的情形，如无行为能力、胁迫、不正当的影响或滥用信托关系消灭之后，如果有权撤消合同的一方当事人没有在合理的期间向他方当事人表示其打算撤消的意图，则该当事人丧失了以无行为能力、胁迫、不正当的影响 或滥用信托关系为由撤消合同的权力。
(2) 如果有权以虚假陈述或意思表示错误为由撤消合同的一方当事人，在知道欺诈性虚假陈述或知道或有理由知道非欺诈性虚假陈述或错误之后的合理期间 内，没有向他方当事人表示其打算撤消合同的意图，则该当事人丧失了以上述 理由撤消合同的权力。对于有权以非欺诈性虚假陈述或错误为由撤消合同的一方 当事人，如果合同已经被履行或上述情形发生了相反的变化，导致了撤消合同 是不公平的，并且如果当事人的损害可以足额补偿，则该当事人丧失了以上述 理由撤消合同的权力。
(3) 在确定合理的期间时，应考虑以下情形：
(a) 延迟行使权力导致或可能导致有权撤消合同的一方对他方当事人所承担风险的估计；
(b) 延迟行使权力导致或可能导致他方当事人或第三人合法的信赖；
(c) 任何一方当事人的错误对撤消合同事由出现的影响；和
(d) 他方当事人的行为对延迟行为的促进。
(4) 如果有权以非欺诈性的虚假陈述或错误而撤消合同的一方当事人，其权利的行使或义务的履行是以某一偶然事件或双方当事人假定的偶然事件的发生为 条件，则其依据(1)或(2)小节作出的意思表示是无效的，除非该意思表示是在 因该事件的发生所导致的对受损方任何不利的变化发生之前或该事件发生的可 能性出现重大变更之前作出的。
§382. LOSS OF POWER TO AFFIRM BY PRIOR AVOIDANCE
因先前的撤消行为造成确认权丧失
(1) If a party has effectively exercised his power of avoidance，a subsequent manifestation of intent to affirm is inoperative unless the other party manifest s his assent to affirmance by refusal to accept a return of his performance or otherwise.
(2) A party has not exercised his power of avoidance under the rule stated in Subsection (1) until
(a) he has regained all or a substantial part of what he would be entitled to b y way of restitution on avoidance,
(b) he has obtained a final judgment of or based on avoidance, or
(c) the other party has materially relied on or manifested his assent to a statement of disaffirmance.
(1) 如果一方当事人已经有效地行使了其撤消合同权，则如果事后再对撤消事由作出确认，则其确认行为是无效的，除非他方当事人以拒绝接受返还的履行 或以其他方式对确认行为表示同意。
(2) 在下列情形发生之前，一方当事人不得依据(1)小节的规定行使撤消权：
(a) 该当事人已经重新获得了其在撤消后通过恢复原状而享有的、全部或部分实质性的履行，
(b) 该当事人已经获得了撤消合同的、或以撤消合同为基础的最终判决，或
(c) 他方当事人已经实质上信赖了其不予确认的陈述或作出了同意该不予确认陈述的意思表示。
§383. AVOIDANCE IN PART部分撤消
A contract cannot be avoided in part except that where one or more correspo nding pairs of part performance have been fully performed by one or both par ties the rest of the contract can be avoided.
不得部分撤消合同。但是，如果一对或多对的部分履行已经被一方或双方全部履行，则合同的剩余部分可以被撤消。
§384. REQUIREMENT THAT PARTY SEEKING RESTITUTION RETURN BENEFIT
要求恢复原状的当事人返还利益的条件
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), a party will not be granted restitution unless
(a) he returns or offers to return, conditional on restitution, any interest in property that he has received in exchange in substantially as good condition as w hen it was received by him, or
(b) the court can assure such return in connection with the relief granted.
(2) The requirement stated in Subsection (1) does not apply to property
(a) that was worthless when received or that has been destroyed or lost by th e other party or as a result of its own defects,
(b) that either could not from the time of receipt have been returned or has been used or disposed of without knowledge of the grounds for restitution if justice requires that compensation be accepted in its place and the payment of such compensation can be assured, or
(c) as to which the contract apportions the price if that part of the price is not included in the claim for restitution.
(1) 除了(2)小节的规定外，法院只有在下列情况下才可以给与一方当事人恢复原状的救济：
(a) 该当事人一经恢复原状请求提出就返还或承诺返还其通过交换已经收取的任何财产利益，或
(b) 法院确信这些救济利益能够被返还。
(2) (1) 小节规定的条件并不适用于下列财产：
(a) 在收到时该财产是无用的或者被他方当事人损坏或损失，或者是由于自身
的瑕疵而被损害，
(b) 自收到之日起，该财产就不可能被返还，或在当事人不知道恢复原状这一理由的存在的情况下，已经被使用或处理，同时按照公平的要求，当事人应该 接受对该财产提供的补偿，并且这一补偿是能够确保的，或 (c) 如果合同对该 财产的价值进行了分割，并且该部分财产不属于恢复原状请求的范围。
§385. EFFECT OF POWER OF AVOIDANCE ON DUTY OF PERFORMANCE OR O N DUTY ASRISING OUT OF BREACH
撤消权对履行义务或违约所生义务的法律效力
(1) Unless an offer to restore performance received is a condition of avoidance, a party has no duty of performance while his power of avoidance exists.
(2) If an offer to restore performance received is a condition of avoidance, a duty to pay damage is terminated by such an offer made before the power of avoidance is lost.
(1) 除非已收到的恢复履行的要约是行使撤消权的条件，否则有权撤消合同的 当事人在其撤消权存在的情况下，没有义务履行合同义务。
(2) 如果已收到恢复履行的要约是行使撤消权的条件，则在撤消权丧失之前， 该要约终止了支付损害赔偿金的义务。
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