欧洲合同法通则(中英文第1部分）

 

THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW
completed and revised version 1998
European Union Commission on Contract Law
 
欧洲合同法通则

 

第一章至第九章由韩世远翻译；第十章至第十七章由刘生亮翻译

 

      欧洲合同法通则简介

 
欧洲合同法通则由三部分组成。第一部分主要规定了履行的种类、不履行、不履行时救济手段以及一系列一般问题(如适用、任意法特点、概念规定及交易过程中的一般行为义务等)。该通则第一部分的起草工作始于1982年并持续到1995年，欧洲合同法委员会在此期间召开12次会议磋商该部分内容并最终确定了总计59条的内容。该通则的第二部分起草工作始于1992年并持续至1995年，委员会就此共召开9次会议讨论该部分内容。第二部分共计73条，涉及到如下内容：合同的订立、代理权限、合同的生效(包括意思表示瑕疵，但不包括违反强行法和违反善良风俗的规定)、合同的解释以及合同的内容和效力。第三部分与第二部分不同的是，第三部分至始并没有与业已出版的前两部分统一出版，而是单独刊行。
该通则的三个部分全部由上面已经提到的欧洲合同法通则委员会起草，该委员会基于个人的动议而成立，其成员由来自欧共体所有成员国的学者组成。
该通则受到美国法重述的启示：每一卷都包括委员会一致同意的条款内容，此外，还包括案例适用在内的条款评注(comment)以及比较法上的法律批注(note)，该批注主要涉及到欧盟成员国的国内相关规定，当然这也兼顾了国际条约、尤其是联合国国际货物销售合同公约(ＣＩＳＧ)。3个委员会的工作语言基本上全部是英文，其余为法文。欧洲合同法通则并不仅仅在外表上接近美国法重述，该通则在更大程度上旨在法律统一，从民族国家的法律角度出发，前者比后者更追求法律改革和推动法律发展。因此，较之于美国法重述的立法者，欧洲合同法通则的起草者面临一个更具创造性的任务，因为前者仅赋予其工作一个宣示性、确定美国共同私法的功能。当然，委员会一如既往努力探求欧盟所有成员国合同法的共同核心(common core)以及探求反映当代超国家的法律发展轨迹。依据起草者的目的，该通则在欧洲的任何地方都可适用该通则，从而可供成员国法学研究和判例使用。
 
 

CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS第一章  一般规定

 

Section 1 - Scope of the Principles第一节  本原则的适用范围

rticle 1.101- Application of the Principles第1:101条：本原则的适用
(1) These Principles are intended to be applied as general rules of contract law in the European Communities.
本原则拟作为合同法的一般规则在欧洲共同体适用。
 
(2) These Principles will apply when the parties have agreed to incorporate them into their contract or that their contract is to be governed by them.
如果当事人已约定将本原则订入其合同或者其合同受本原则的规制，本原则即予适用。
 
(3) These Principles may be applied when the parties: (a) have agreed that their contract is to be governed by ‘general principles of law’, the ‘lex mercatoria’ or the like; or (b) have not chosen any system or rules of law to govern their contract.
当事人于符合下列条件时，可适用本原则：1.约定其合同受“法的一般原则”、“商人法”或类似者之规制时；或者2.没有选择任何法律制度或者法律规则规制其合同。
 
(4) These Principles may provide a solution to the issue raised where the system or rules of law applicable do not do so.
当可得适用的法律制度或法律规则对所产生的问题未提供解决方案时，本原则得作为一种解决方案。
 
Article 1.102 - Freedom of contract第1:102条：合同自由
(1) Parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its contents, subject to the requirements of good faith and fair dealing, and the mandatory rules established by these Principles.
当事人可以自由缔结合同并决定其内容，但要符合诚实信用和公平交易，以及由本原则确立的强制性规则。
 
(2) The parties may exclude the application of any of the Principles or derogate from or vary their effects, except as otherwise provided by these Principles.
当事人可以排除本原则的适用或者背离或变更其效力，除非本原则另有规定。
 
Article 1.103 - Mandatory Law第1:103条：强行法
(1) Where the otherwise applicable law so allows, the parties may choose to have their contract governed by the Principles, with the effect that national mandatory rules are not applicable.
在其他可得适用的法律亦允许之场合，当事人可以选择使其合同受本原则的规制，以使国内的强制性规则不能适用。
 
(2) Effect should nevertheless be given to those mandatory rules of national, supranational and international law which, according to the relevant rules of private international law, are applicable irrespective of the law governing the contract.
依据有关国际私法规则，如国内的、超国家的以及国际的强制性规则能够适用时，则应赋予这些强制性规则以效力，而不管规制该合同的法律。
 
Article 1.104 - Application to questions of consent第1:104条：对同意之问题的适用
(1) The existence and validity of the agreement of the parties to adopt or incorporate these Principles shall be determined by these Principles.
当事人对适用本原则的合意，其存在及生效应依本原则加以确定。
 
(2) Nevertheless, a party may rely upon the law of the country in which it has its habitual residence to establish that it did not consent if it appears from the circumstances that it would not be reasonable to determine the effect of its conduct in accordance with these Principles.
然一方当事人可以依据它的惯常居所所在国的法律来证明它不同意，只要情况表明依据本原则确定它的行为的效力将是不合理的。
 
Article 1.105 - Usages and Practices第1:105条：惯例与习惯做法
(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practice they have established between themselves.
当事人受它们同意的惯例以及它们之间确立的习惯做法的拘束。
 
(2) The parties are bound by a usage which would be considered generally applicable by persons in the same situation as the parties, except where the application of such usage would be unreasonable.
与当事人处于同样情形下的其他人通常会认为可得适用的惯例，当事人受其拘束，除非适用该惯例是不合理的。
 
Article 1.106 - Interpretation and Supplementation第1:106条：解释与补充
(1) These Principles should be interpreted and developed in accordance with their purposes. In particular, regard should be had to the need to promote good faith and fair dealing, certainty in contractual relationships and uniformity of application.
本原则应本其目的予以解释和发展，特别是，应注意有必要促进诚实信用和公平交易、合同关系的确定性和适用的统一性。
 
(2) Issues within the scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are so far as possible to be settled in accordance with the ideas underlying the Principles. Failing this, the legal system applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law is to be applied.
对属于本原则范围之内但又未为本原则明确解决的问题，应尽可能地依照本原则所隐含的精神予以解决。如仍不能解决，则应适用依国际私法规则可以适用的法律制度。
 
Article 1.107 - Application of the Principles by Way of Analogy第1:107条：本原则的类推适用
These Principles apply with appropriate modifications to agreements to modify or end a contract, to unilateral promises and other statements and conduct indicating intention.
本原则经适当修正适用于变更或解除合同的协议、单方允诺和其他的表意陈述和行为。
 

Section 2 - General Obligations第二节  一般义务

Article 1.201 - Good Faith and Fair Dealing第1:201条：诚实信用和公平交易
(1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing.
各方当事人均须依诚实信用和公平交易而行为。
 
(2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty.当事人不得排除或限制此项义务。
Article 1.202- Duty to Co-operate第1:202条：协助义务
    Each party owes to the other a duty to co-operate in order to give full effect to the contract.
为了充分落实合同，各方当事人均向对方负有协助的义务。
 

Section 3 - Terminology and Other Provisions第三节  术语与其他规定

 
Article 1.301 - Meaning of Terms第1:301条：用语的含义
In these Principles, except where the context otherwise requires:
在本原则中，除非上下文要求具有其他的含义：
 
(1) 'act' includes omission;“行为”包括不作为；
(2) 'court' includes arbitral tribunal; “法院”包括仲裁机构；
(3) an 'intentional' act includes an act done recklessly;
“故意的”行为包括重大过失的行为；
 
(4) 'non-performance' denotes any failure to perform an obligation under the contract, whether or not excused, and includes delayed performance, defective performance and failure to co-operate in order to give full effect to the contract.
“不履行”意指任何没有履行合同债务的行为，无论是否被谅解，并可包括迟延履行、瑕疵履行和没有协助以使合同得到充分的落实。
 
(5) A matter is 'material' if it is one which a reasonable person in the same situation as one party ought to have known would influence the other party in its decision whether to contract on the proposed terms or to contract at all.
一件事情，如果是处在当事人位置的通情达理之人本应知道它将会影响对方当事人决定是否依被提议的条款缔约或者是否缔约的，则为“重大的”。
 
(6) 'Written' statements include communications made by telegram, telex, telefax and electronic mail and other means of communication capable of providing a readable record of the statement on both sides
“书面”表述包括以电报、电传、传真以及其他通讯方式作出的能够对双方的表述提供可读性记录的通知。
 
Article 1.302 - Reasonableness第1:302条：合理性
Under these Principles reasonableness is to be judged by what persons acting in good faith and in the same situation as the parties would consider to be reasonable. In particular, in assessing what is reasonable the nature and purpose of the contract, the circumstances of the case, and the usages and practices of the trades or professions involved should be taken into account.
依据本原则，合理性是指由善意行为并与当事人处于相同的状况下之人加以判断所会认为是合理的情况；在权衡何谓合理者时，应特别考虑合同的性质与目的、案件的情况以及所涉交易或行业的惯例和习惯做法。
 
Article 1.303- Notice第1:303条：通知
(1) Any notice may be given by any means, whether in writing or otherwise, appropriate to the circumstances.
通知得以任何与具体情况相适合的方式作出，不论是书面的或其他的方式。
 
(2) Subject to paragraphs (4) and (5), any notice becomes effective when it reaches the addressee.
在符合第四款和五款的前提下，通知自到达于受通知人时起生效。
 
(3) A notice reaches the addressee when it is delivered to it or to its place of business or mailing address, or, if it does not have a place of business or mailing address, to its habitual residence.
通知被送交到受通知人或其营业场所或通讯地址，如若其没有营业场所或通讯地址，送交到其惯常居所时，为到达受通知人。
 
(4) If one party gives notice to the other because of the other's non-performance or because such non-performance is reasonably anticipated by the first party, and the notice is properly dispatched or given, a delay or inaccuracy in the transmission of the notice or its failure to arrive does not prevent it from having effect. The notice shall have effect from the time at which it would have arrived in normal circumstances.
一方当事人向另一方当事人发出通知，因为另一方的不履行或者因为此不履行已被前方当事人合理地预见到，而且该通知是恰当地发出或作出的，则该通知在传送过程中的迟延或不准确或没有到达并不妨碍它的生效。通知应从它在通常情况下本应到达的时间起生效。
 
(5) A notice has no effect if a withdrawal of it reaches the addressee before or at the same time as the notice.
如果对通知的撤回是在该通知之前或同时到达受通知人，通知不生效力。
 
(6) In this Article, 'notice' includes the communication of a promise, statement, offer, acceptance, demand, request or other declaration.
在本条中，“通知”包括允诺、表述、要约、承诺、要求、请求或其他的声明。
 
Article 1.304 - Computation of Time第1:304条：时间的计算
(1) A period of time set by a party in a written document for the addressee to reply or take other action begins to run from the date stated as the date of the document. If no date is shown, the period begins to run from the moment the document reaches the addressee.
一方当事人在书面的文件中规定的由受领人答复或作出其他行为的期间由该文件载明之日起算；如果没有载明日期，则该期间从该文件到达受领人时起算。
 
(2) Official holidays and official non-working days occurring during the period are included in calculating the period. However, if the last day of the period is an official holiday or official non-working day at the address of the addressee, or at the place where a prescribed act is to be performed, the period is extended until the first following working day in that place.
在计算期间时，在该期间内发生的正式节假日或正式非工作日亦包括在内。但若该期间的最后一天在受领人所在地或在所要求的行为的履行地为正式节假日或正式非工作日，该期间顺延至此后该地的第一个工作日。
 
(3) Periods of time expressed in days, weeks, months or years shall begin at 00.00 on the next day and shall end at 24.00 on the last day of the period; but any reply that has to reach the party who set the period must arrive, or other act which is to be done must be completed, by the normal close of business in the relevant place on the last day of the period.
以日、星期、月或年表示的时间期限应自该期间第二天的零时开始至该期间最后一天的二十四时终止；但向规定该期间的一方当事人所作任何答复的到达，或者所要作出的其他行为的完成，必须在该期间最后一天在相关地点的正常营业停止之前。
 
Article 1.305 - Imputed Knowledge and Intention第1:305条：被归咎的知晓与故意
If any person who with a party's assent was involved in making a contract, or who was entrusted with performance by a party or performed with its assent: (a) knew or foresaw a fact, or ought to have known or foreseen it; or (b) acted intentionally or with gross negligence, or not in accordance with good faith and fair dealing, this knowledge, foresight or behaviour is imputed to the party itself.
如果某人在缔约一方当事人同意的情况下参与了合同的缔结，或者被缔约一方当事人委托履行或者在其同意的情况下履行了合同，该人：1.知道或预见到了某事实，或应当知道或预见到该事实；或者，2.故意地或具有重大过失地或者不符合诚实信用和公平交易地行为，这些知晓、预见或行为归咎于该方当事人本人。
 

CHAPTER 2 - FORMATION第二章  合同的成立
Section 1 - General Provisions第一节  一般规定

 
Article 2.101 - Conditions for the Conclusion of a Contract第2:101条：合同成立的条件
(1) A contract is concluded if: (a) the parties intend to be legally bound, and (b) they reach a sufficient agreement，without any further requirement.
合同符合下列条件即成立而无须其他要件：1.当事人意欲在法律上受有拘束，以及2.它们形成了充分的合意。
 
(2) A contract need not be concluded or evidenced in writing nor is it subject to any other requirement as to form. The contract may be proved by any means, including witnesses.
合同无须最终形成书面的形式，或以书面的形式证明，或是符合其他的形式要件。合同可采用任何方式加以证明，包括证人。
 
Article 2.102 - Intention第2:102条：意思
The intention of a party to be legally bound by contract is to be determined from the party's statements or conduct as they were reasonably understood by the other party.
一方当事人欲在法律上受有拘束的意思要依被对方当事人合理地理解的该方当事人的表述或行为加以决定。
 
Article 2.103 - Sufficient Agreement第2:103条：充分的合意
(1) There is sufficient agreement if the terms: (a) have been sufficiently defined by the parties so that the contract can be enforced, or (b) can be determined under these Principles.
如果条款：1.已被当事人充分地界定进而使合同能够被强制执行，或者，2.能够依本原则加以确定，即为存有充分的合意。
 
(2) However, if one of the parties refuses to conclude a contract unless the parties have agreed on some specific matter, there is no contract unless agreement on that matter has been reached.
但如果一方当事人拒绝达成合同，除非当事人在某种特定的事情上形成合意，则不存在任何合同，除非对上述事情的合意已经形成。
 
Article 2.104 - Terms not individually negotiated第2:104条：未经个别商议的条款
(1) Contract terms which have not been individually negotiated may be invoked against a party who did not know of them only if the party invoking them took reasonable steps to bring them to the other party's attention before or when the contract was concluded.
未经个别商议的合同条款，只有当使用此类条款的一方当事人在合同达成之前或在达成合同之时已采取了合理的步骤提醒了对方当事人的注意，始得被用来对抗不知存有此类条款的一方当事人。
 
(2) Terms are not brought appropriately to a party's attention by a mere reference to them in a contract document, even if that party signs the document.
在一份合同文本中仅仅提及参照此类条款，该条款并非合理地提醒了对方的注意，即使对方签署了该文本。
 
Article 2.105 - Merger Clause第2:105条：合并条款
(1) If a written contract contains an individually negotiated clause stating that the writing embodies all the terms of the contract (a merger clause), any prior statements, undertakings or agreements which are not embodied in the writing do not form part of the contract.
如果书面合同包含有一个经过个别商议的条款，声称书面合同体现了全部的合同条款（合并条款），则任何未从文字中反映出来的事先的陈述、保证或合意并不构成合同的组成部分。
 
 (2) If the merger clause is not individually negotiated it will only establish a presumption that the parties intended that their prior statements, undertakings or agreements were not to form part of the contract. This rule may not be excluded or restricted.
如果合并条款未经个别商议，这只能确立如下假定：当事人并非想让它们事先的陈述、保证或合意构成合同的组成部分。此项规则不得被排除或限制。
 
 (3) The parties' prior statements may be used to interpret the contract. This rule may not be excluded or restricted except by an individually negotiated clause.
当事人事先的陈述可用以解释合同。除非采用个别商议条款的形式，此项规则不得被排除或限制。
 
 (4) A party may by its statements or conduct be precluded from asserting a merger clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably relied on them.
一方当事人可因其陈述或行为而被阻却主张此种条款，只要对方当事人业已合理地信赖了它们。
 
Article 2.106 - Written Modification only第2:106条：只许书面变更
(1) A clause in a written contract requiring any modification or ending by agreement to be made in writing establishes only a presumption that an agreement to modify or end the contract is not intended to be legally binding unless it is in writing.
书面合同中如有条款规定协议变更或者终止须采取书面形式的，只是假定变更或者终止合同的协议若非采取书面形式便不具有法律拘束力。
 
(2) A party may by its statements or conduct be precluded from asserting such a clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably relied on them.
如果一方当事人的陈述或者行为已被对方当事人合理地信赖了，则该方当事人不得主张适用前款规定。
 
Article 2.107 - Promises binding without acceptance第2:107条：无须接受即具有拘束力的允诺
A promise which is intended to be legally binding without acceptance is binding.
一项意欲无须接受即具有拘束力的允诺是有拘束力的。
 

Section 2 - Offer and Acceptance第二节  要约与承诺

 
Article 2.201 - Offer第2:201条：要约
(1) A proposal amounts to an offer if: (a) it is intended to result in a contract if the other party accepts it, and (b) it contains sufficiently definite terms to form a contract.
一项建议一旦符合下列要件即构成要约：1.它意欲在对方承诺后即形成合同，并且  2.它含有相当确定的条款以形成合同。
 
(2) An offer may be made to one or more specific persons or to the public.
要约可以向一个或者多个特定的人或者向公众作出。
 
(3) A proposal to supply goods or services at stated prices made by a professional supplier in a public advertisement or a catalogue, or by a display of goods, is presumed to be an offer to sell or supply at that price until the stock of goods, or the supplier's capacity to supply the service, is exhausted.
一项由职业性供应人以公开的广告或价目表或者以商品展示的方式作出的以特定价格供应商品或服务的建议，被推定为是按此价格出售商品或提供服务的要约，直至库存商品售罄或者供应人提供此项服务的能力告尽。
 

Article 2.202 - Revocation of an Offer第2:202条：要约的撤销

(1) An offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched its acceptance or, in cases of acceptance by conduct, before the contract has been concluded under Article 2.205(2) or (3).
要约可得撤销，只要撤销通知在受要约人发出其承诺之前或者，在以行为表示承诺之场合，在依第2:205条第二款或第三款形成合同之前到达受要约人。
 
(2) An offer made to the public can be revoked by the same means as were used to make the offer.
向公众发出的要约可以用与发出该要约时采用的相同的方式撤销。
 
(3) However, a revocation of an offer is ineffective if: (a) the offer indicates that it is irrevocable; or (b) it states a fixed time for its acceptance; or (c) it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.
但如存有下列情况，对要约的撤销是无效的：1.要约已表明它是不可撤销的；或2.要约已确定了承诺的时间；或3.受要约人合理地信赖该要约为不可撤销的并已基于对要约的信赖作出了行为。
 
Article 2.203 - Lapse of an Offer第2:203条：要约的失效
When a rejection of an offer reaches the offeror, the offer lapses.
要约于拒绝通知到达要约人时失效。
 
Article 2.204 - Acceptance第2:204条：承诺
(1) Any form of statement or conduct by the offeree is an acceptance if it indicates assent to the offer.
受要约人作出的任何形式的陈述或行为，一旦它表明了对要约的同意，即为承诺。
 
(2) Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.沉默或不作为本身并不构成承诺。
Article 2.205 - Time of Conclusion of the Contract第2:205条：合同成立的时间
(1) If an acceptance has been dispatched by the offeree，the contract is concluded when the acceptance reaches the offeror.
一旦承诺已由受要约人发出，合同自该项声明到达要约人时成立。
 
(2) In case of acceptance by conduct, the contract is concluded when notice of the conduct reaches the offeror.
在以行为表示承诺之场合，合同自有关该行为的通知到达要约人时成立。
 
(3) If by virtue of the offer, of practices which the parties have established between themselves, or of a usage, the offeree may accept the offer by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the contract is concluded when the performance of the act begins.
如果根据要约、当事人之间业已确立的习惯做法或者惯例，受要约人可以履行某种行为来对要约作出承诺而无须通知要约人，合同自开始履行该行为时成立。
 
Article 2.206 - Time Limit for Acceptance第2:206条：承诺的期限
(1) In order to be effective, acceptance of an offer must reach the offeror within the time fixed by it.
对要约所为的承诺如欲有效，须于要约人确定的期限内到达要约人。
 
(2) If no time has been fixed by the offeror，acceptance must reach it within a reasonable time.
如果要约人没有确定任何期限，承诺须于一合理的时间内到达要约人。
 
(3) In the case of an acceptance by an act of performance under art. 2.205 (3), that act must be performed within the time for acceptance fixed by the offeror or, if no such time is fixed, within a reasonable time.
在以依第2:205条第三款履行某种行为表示承诺的场合，该行为须于要约人确定的承诺期限内履行；如果没有确定期限，则在一合理的时间内。
 
Article 2.207 - Late Acceptance第2:207条：迟到的承诺
(1) A late acceptance is nonetheless effective as an acceptance if without delay the offeror informs the offeree that he treats it as such.
承诺虽迟到仍得为有效的承诺，只要要约人不曾迟延地通知受要约人他将它作为承诺。
 
(2) If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror informs the offeree that it considers its offer as having lapsed.
如果带有迟到的承诺的信件或书面材料表明，如果传送正常它会按时到达要约人，则此迟到的承诺仍得为有效的承诺，除非要约人不曾迟延地通知受要约人它认为它的要约已经失效。
 
Article 2.208 - Modified Acceptance第2:208条：变更了的承诺
(1) A reply by the offeree which states or implies additional or different terms which would materially alter the terms of the offer is a rejection and a new offer.
受要约人所作的答复，如言明了或隐含了附加的或不同的条款，且这些条款会实质性地变更要约的条款，则为拒绝并构成一个新的要约。
 
(2) A reply which gives a definite assent to an offer operates as an acceptance even if it states or implies additional or different terms, provided these do not materially alter the terms of the offer. The additional or different terms then become part of the contract.
对要约作出的明确地同意的答复，尽管它对要约言明了或隐含了附加的或不同的条款，只要它们并没有实质性地变更要约的条款，仍构成承诺。附加的或不同的条款构成合同的组成部分。
 
(3) However, such a reply will be treated as a rejection of the offer if: (a) the offer expressly limits acceptance to the terms of the offer; or (b) the offeror objects to the additional or different terms without delay; or (c) the offeree makes its acceptance conditional upon the offeror's assent to the additional or different terms, and the assent does not reach the offeree within a reasonable time.
但如果答复符合下列情形，即构成对要约的拒绝：1.要约明确地将承诺限定于要约的条款；或2.要约人不曾迟延地反对附加的或不同的条款；或3.受要约人对其承诺附有条件，要求要约人对附加的或不同的条款表示同意，而该同意没有在一段合理的时间内到达受要约人。
 
Article 2.209 - Conflicting General conditions第2:209条：相互冲突的一般条款
(1) If the parties have reached agreement except that the offer and acceptance refer to conflicting general conditions of contract, a contract is nonetheless formed. The general conditions form part of the contract to the extent that they are common in substance.
如果在要约与承诺中除关于相互冲突的合同一般条款外当事人已形成合意，合同仍然成立。只要一般条款实质上是一致的，它们便构成合同的组成部分。
 
(2) However, no contract is formed if one party: (a) has indicated in advance, explicitly, and not by way of general conditions, that it does not intend to be bound by a contract on the basis of paragraph (1); or (b) without delay, informs the other party that it does not intend to be bound by such contract.
但如一方当事人有下列情形，合同不成立：1.事先已明确地且并非采用一般条款的形式表示其不欲基于第一款而受一份合同的拘束；或2.不曾不合理地迟延地通知对方当事人它不欲受此种合同的拘束。
 
(3) General conditions of contract are terms which have been formulated in advance for an indefinite number of contracts of a certain nature, and which have not been individually negotiated between the parties.
合同的一般条款是指为不定数量的特定类型的合同事先已制作完毕的且在当事人之间未经个别商议的合同条款。
 
Article 2.210 - Professional's written confirmation第2:210条：专业人士的确认书
If professionals have concluded a contract but have not embodied it in a final document, and one without delay sends the other a writing, which purports to be a confirmation of the contract, but which contains additional or different terms, such terms will become part of the contract unless: (a) the terms materially alter the terms of the contract, or (b) the addressee objects to them without delay.
如果专业人士已达成合同，但尚未将其形成最终的文件，而一方不曾迟延地向对方发出一份书面形式，意在作为合同的一份确认书，但它含有附加的或不同的条款，这些条款将成为合同的构成部分，除非：1.这些条款实质性地变更了合同的条款；或2.受领方不曾迟延地对此表示反对。
 
Article 2.211 - Contracts not Concluded through Offer and Acceptance
第2:211条：非经要约和承诺形成的合同
 
The rules in this section apply with appropriate adaptations even though the process of conclusion of a contract cannot be analysed into offer and acceptance.
尽管合同的形成过程无法解析成要约与承诺，本节中的规则经适当修正仍得适用。
 

Section 3 - Liability for negotiations第三节  磋商责任

Article 2.301 - Negotiations Contrary to Good Faith第2:301条：悖于诚信的磋商
(1) A party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement.
当事人有磋商自由，对没有达成合意不负责任。
 
(2) However, a party who has negotiated or broken off negotiations contrary to good faith and fair dealing is liable for the losses caused to the other party.
但如果一方当事人所为磋商或终止磋商有悖于诚实信用，则要对给对方当事人造成的损失负责。
 
(3) It is contrary to good faith and fair dealing, in particular, for a party to enter into or continue negotiations with no real intention of reaching an agreement with the other party.
一方当事人在无真实意图与对方当事人达成合意的情况下从事磋商或继续进行磋商，即有悖于诚实信用。
 
Article 2.302 - Breach of Confidentiality第2:302条：违反信任
If confidential information is given by one party in the course of negotiations, the other party is under a duty not to disclose that information or use it for its own purposes whether or not a contract is subsequently concluded. The remedy for breach of this duty may include compensation for loss suffered and restitution of the benefit received by the other party.
如果在磋商过程中一方当事人透露了秘密信息，无论事后是否达成了合同，另一方当事人均有义务不透露该信息或为自身目的使用该信息。对违反此义务的救济，可包括赔偿所受损失以及返还另一方当事人取得的收益。
 

CHAPTER 3 - AUTHORITY OF AGENTS第三章  代理人的权限
Section 1 - General Provisions第一节  一般规定

 
Article 3.101 - Scope of the Chapter第3:101条：本章的适用范围
(1) This Chapter governs the authority of an agent or other intermediary to bind its principal in relation to a contract with a third party.
本章规范代理人或其他中间人的权限，此处其他中间人使委托人受其与第三人的合同的拘束。
 
(2) This Chapter does not govern an agent's authority bestowed by law or the authority of an agent appointed by a public or judicial authority.
本章不适用于由法律授予的代理权或由公共的或司法的权力机关授予的代理权。
 
(3) This Chapter does not govern the internal relationship between the agent or intermediary and its principal.
本章不适用于代理人或中间人与其委托人之间的内部关系。
 
Article 3.102 - Categories of Representation第3:102条：代理的类型
(1) Where an agent acts in the name of a principal, the rules on direct representation apply (Section 2). It is irrelevant whether the principal's identity is revealed at the time the agent acts or is to be revealed later.
代理人以委托人的名义行为者，适用直接代理的规则（第二节）。在代理人行为时或者以后是否透露了委托人的身份，则是无关紧要的。
 
(2) Where an intermediary acts on instructions and on behalf of, but not in the name of, a principal, or where the third party neither knows nor has reason to know that the intermediary acts as an agent, the rules on indirect representation apply (Section 3).
中间人依委托人的指令并为委托人的利益行事，但并非以委托人的名义者，或者第三人既不知道也没有理由应知道中间人系作为代理人而行为者，适用间接代理的规则（第三节）。
 

Section 2 - Direct Representation第二节  直接代理

Article 3.201 - Express, implied and apparent authority
第3:201条：明示的、默示的和表面的授权
(1) The principal's grant of authority to an agent to act in its name may be express or may be implied from the circumstances.
委托人对以其名义行为的代理权的授予，可得为明示的，亦可得为由具体情事默示的。
 
(2) The agent has authority to perform all acts necessary in the circumstances to achieve the purposes for which the authority was granted.
为实现授权目的，代理人有权依具体情事从事各种必要的行为。
 
(3) A person is to be treated as having granted authority to an apparent agent if the person's statements or conduct induce the third party reasonably and in good faith to believe that the apparent agent has been granted authority for the act performed by it.
如果委托人的言语或行为导致第三人合理地且善意地相信代理人已被授权从事其所从事的行为，则视为委托人已经授权。
 
Article 3.202 - Agent acting in exercise of his authority第3:202条：代理人对代理权的行使
Where an agent is acting within its authority as defined by article 3.201, its acts bind the principal and the third party directly to each other. The agent itself is not bound to the third party.
代理人在由第3:201条界定的授权的范围内行为，其行为直接拘束委托人和第三人。代理人自己并不对第三人负有义务。
 
Article 3.203 - Unidentified Principal第3:203条：未被透露身份的委托人
If an agent enters into a contract in the name of a principal whose identity is to be revealed later, but fails to reveal that identity within a reasonable time after a request by the third party, the agent itself is bound by the contract.
如果代理人以委托人的名义缔结合同而委托人的身份要在日后透露，在经第三人要求后代理人没能在一段合理的时间内透露委托人的身份的，则代理人自己受合同的拘束。
 
Article 3.204 - Agent acting without or outside his authority第3:204条：代理人无权代理或越权代理
(1) Where a person acting as an agent acts without authority or outside the scope of its authority, its acts are not binding upon the principal and the third party.
以代理人身份从事行为者如未经授权或超越了对它的授权范围，则其行为对委托人和第三人并无拘束力。
 
(2) Failing ratification by the principal according to article 3.207, the agent is liable to pay the third party such damages as will place the third party in the same position as if the agent had acted with authority. This does not apply if the third party knew or could not have been unaware of the agent's lack of authority.
如果未能依第3:207条而由委托人追认，代理人有责任向第三人支付损害赔偿，以使第三人处于如同代理人有权行为一样的状况。如果第三人已知或本不应不知代理人缺少授权，则本规则并不适用。
 
Article 3.205 - Conflict of Interests第3:205条：利害冲突
(1) If a contract concluded by an agent involves the agent in a conflict of interest of which the third party knew or could not have been unaware, the principal may avoid the contract according to the provisions of articles 4.112 to 4.116.
如果由代理人达成的合同涉及代理人的利害冲突，对此第三人已知或本不应不知，则委托人可以依据第4:112条至第4:116条的规定宣布该合同无效。
 
(2) There is presumed to be a conflict of interest where: (a) the agent also acted as agent for the third party; or (b) the contract was with itself in its personal capacity.
如有下列情形，即推定为具有利害冲突：1.该代理人同时作为该第三人的代理人；或2.该合同是与该代理人自己达成的。
 
(3) However, the principal may not avoid the contract: (a) if it had consented to, or could not have been unaware of, the agent's so acting; or (b) if the agent had disclosed the conflict of interest to it and it had not objected within a reasonable time.
但如有下列情形，委托人不得宣布合同无效：1.委托人已同意或者本不应不知代理人如此行为；或2.代理人业已向委托人揭示了这种利害冲突，而委托人在一段合理的时间内没有表示反对。
 
Article 3.206 - Subagency第3:206条：复代理
An agent has implied authority to appoint a subagent to carry out tasks which are not of a personal character and which it is not reasonable to expect the agent to carry out itself. The rules of this Section apply to the subagency; acts of the subagent which are within its and the agent's authority bind the principal and the third party directly to each other.
代理人具有默示的授权来任命复代理人，以完成不具有人身专属性的并且不能合理地期待代理人亲自完成的任务。本节的规则适用于此种复代理；复代理人在它的以及代理人的授权范围内的行为直接使委托人与第三人相互受有拘束。
 
Article 3.207 - Ratification by Principal第3:207条：委托人的追认
(1) Where a person acting as an agent acts without authority or outside its authority, the principal may ratify the agent's acts.
如有人以代理人的身份行为而未经授权或超越了对它的授权，委托人可对代理人的行为进行追认。
 
(2) Upon ratification, the agent's acts are considered as having been authorised, without prejudice to the rights of other persons.
基于追认，在不使他人的权利受有损害的情况下，代理人的行为即被认为是已经授权了的。
 
Article 3.208 - Third Party's Right with Respect to Confirmation of Authority
第3:208条：第三人对确认授权的请求权
 
Where the statements or conduct of the principal gave the third party reason to believe that an act performed by the agent was authorised, but the third party is in doubt about the authorisation, it may send a written confirmation to the principal or request ratification from it. If the principal does not object or answer the request without delay, the agent's act is treated as having been authorised.
在委托人的言或行使第三人有理由相信代理人从事的行为是经授权的场合，若第三人仍怀疑该授权，它可向委托人发出一份书面确认书要求其确认。如果委托人没有表示反对或不曾迟延地回答，则代理人的行为被视为已经授权。
 
Article 3.209 - Duration of Authority第3:209条：授权的存续
(1) An agent's authority continues until the third party knows or ought to know that: (a) the agent's authority has been brought to an end by the principal, the agent, or both; or (b) the acts for which the authority had been granted have been completed, or the time for which it had been granted has expired; or (c) the agent has become insolvent or, where a natural person, has died or become incapacitated; or (d) the principal has become insolvent.
代理权持续至第三人知道或应当知道：1.代理权已被委托人、代理人或二者终止；或2.授权从事的行为已经完成，或者授权的期间已经届满；或3.代理人已破产或在自然人之场合已死亡或无能力；或4.委托人已破产。
 
(2) The third party is considered to know that the agent's authority has been brought to an end under paragraph(1) (a) above if this has been communicated or publicised in the same manner in which the authority was originally communicated or publicised.
如果本条第一款第一项的情况已被以与当初授权采取的通知或公布的方式相同的方式加以通知或公布，则第三人被视为知道了代理权已被终止。
 
(3) However, the agent remains authorised for a reasonable time to perform those acts which are necessary to protect the interests of the principal or its successors.
不过，在一段合理的时间内，代理人仍然有权从事那些为保护委托人或其继承人的利益所必要的代理行为。